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      Red blood cell folate levels in Canadian Inuit women of childbearing years: influence of food security, body mass index, smoking, education, and vitamin use

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          Abstract

          Background

          The benefits of folic acid for prevention of congenital anomalies are well known. For the Inuit of Canada, where vitamin use is low and access to folate-rich foods limited, fortification is likely a major source of intake. We sought to determine whether red blood cell folate (RBCF) levels of Inuit women reached accepted target levels.

          Methods

          The Inuit Health Survey, 2007–2008, included evaluation of RBCF levels among 249 randomly selected non-pregnant women of reproductive age. Using descriptive statistics and linear regression analyses, RBCF levels were assessed and compared across several socio-demographic variables to evaluate the characteristics associated with RBCF status.

          Results

          Mean (SD) RBCF levels of 935.5 nmol/L (± 192) reached proposed target levels (> 906 nmol/L); however, 47% of women had lower than target levels. In bivariate analysis, non-smoking, higher education, higher income, food security, increased body mass index, and vitamin use were each significantly associated with higher RBCF. Increased levels of smoking had a negative association with RBCF levels (− 5.8 nmol/L per cigarette smoked per day ( p = 0.001)). A total of 6.8% of women reported taking vitamin supplements, resulting in a 226 nmol/L higher RBCF level on average compared to non-users ( p < 0.001).

          Conclusion

          While mean levels of folate reached target levels, this was largely driven by the small number of women taking vitamin supplements. Our results suggest that folate status is often too low in Inuit women of childbearing years. Initiatives to improve food security, culturally relevant education on folate-rich traditional foods, vitamin supplements, and smoking cessation/reduction programs may benefit Inuit women and improve birth outcomes.

          Résumé

          Objectif

          Les bienfaits de l’acide folique pour prévenir les anomalies congénitales sont connus. Pour les Inuits du Canada, qui ont une faible consommation de vitamines et un accès limité aux aliments riches en folates, les aliments enrichis sont probablement une importante source d’acide folique. Nous avons cherché à déterminer si les niveaux de folate érythrocytaire des femmes inuites atteignent les niveaux cibles acceptés.

          Méthode

          L’Enquête de santé auprès des Inuits (2007–2008) a entre autres évalué les niveaux de folate érythrocytaire de 249 femmes non enceintes mais en âge de procréer sélectionnées au hasard. À l’aide de statistiques descriptives et d’analyses de régression linéaires, nous avons calculé et comparé les niveaux de folate érythrocytaire selon plusieurs variables sociodémographiques afin d’évaluer les caractéristiques associées au statut en folate érythrocytaire.

          Résultats

          Les niveaux moyens (É.-T.) de folate érythrocytaire de 935,5 nmol/L (± 192) atteignaient les niveaux cibles proposés (> 906 nmol/L), mais 47% des femmes avaient des niveaux inférieurs à la cible. Selon les analyses bivariées, le fait de ne pas fumer, les études supérieures, le revenu élevé, la sécurité alimentaire, l’indice de masse corporelle élevé et la consommation de vitamines présentaient chacune une corrélation significative avec le folate érythrocytaire élevé. Les niveaux de tabagisme élevés présentaient une association négative avec les niveaux de folate érythrocytaire (− 5,8 nmol/L par cigarette fumée par jour ( p = 0,001)). En tout, 6,8% des femmes disaient prendre des suppléments vitaminiques, et leurs niveaux de folate érythrocytaire étaient en moyenne plus élevés de 226 nmol/L que ceux des femmes ne prenant pas de suppléments vitaminiques ( p < 0,001).

          Conclusion

          Les niveaux moyens de folate atteignaient les niveaux cibles, mais ce résultat était en grande partie attribuable au petit nombre de femmes prenant des suppléments vitaminiques. Nos données indiquent que le statut en folate est souvent trop faible chez les femmes inuites en âge de procréer. Des initiatives d’amélioration de la sécurité alimentaire, une sensibilisation culturellement appropriée aux aliments traditionnels riches en folate, des suppléments vitaminiques et des programmes d’abandon ou de réduction du tabagisme pourraient être bénéfiques pour les femmes inuites et améliorer les issues de la grossesse.

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          Most cited references29

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          Arctic indigenous peoples experience the nutrition transition with changing dietary patterns and obesity.

          Indigenous Peoples globally are part of the nutrition transition. They may be among the most extreme for the extent of dietary change experienced in the last few decades. In this paper, we report survey data from 44 representative communities from 3 large cultural areas of the Canadian Arctic: the Yukon First Nations, Dene/Métis, and Inuit communities. Dietary change was represented in 2 ways: 1) considering the current proportion of traditional food (TF) in contrast to the precontact period (100% TF); and 2) the amount of TF consumed by older vs. younger generations. Total diet, TF, and BMI data from adults were investigated. On days when TF was consumed, there was significantly less (P 40 y old consistently consumed more (P or = 30 kg/m(2)) of Arctic adults exceeded all-Canadian rates. Measures to improve nutrient-dense market food (MF) availability and use are called for, as are ways to maintain or increase TF use.
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            Folate levels and neural tube defects. Implications for prevention.

            Using data from a recent case-control study, a woman's risk of having a child with a neural tube defect (NTD) was found to be associated with early pregnancy red cell folate levels in a continuous dose-response relationship. These findings were used to calculate the reduction in NTD cases that would be expected under two different strategies to raise folate levels. Targeting high-risk individuals has a small effect on the population prevalence but can substantially change an individual's risk. Targeting the population produces a small change in individual risk but has a large effect on the population prevalence. Supplementation of high-risk women would be the most efficient method to implement the high-risk strategy, while food fortification would be preferable for the population approach. The current guidelines for the prevention of NTD are for an increased folic acid intake of 0.4 mg per day. This would result in a 48% reduction in NTDs, which may be near optimal. The two intervention strategies should be considered complementary in prevention of NTDs.
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              Dietary patterns and socioeconomic position.

              To test a socioeconomic hypothesis on three dietary patterns and to describe the relation between three commonly used methods to determine dietary patterns, namely Healthy Eating Index, Mediterranean Diet Score and principal component analysis. Cross-sectional design in 1852 military men. Using mailed questionnaires, the food consumption frequency was recorded. The correlation coefficients between the three dietary patterns varied between 0.43 and 0.62. The highest correlation was found between Healthy Eating Index and Healthy Dietary Pattern (principal components analysis). Cohen's kappa coefficient of agreement varied between 0.10 and 0.20. After age-adjustment, education and income remained associated with the most healthy dietary pattern. Even when both socioeconomic indicators were used together in one model, higher income and education were associated with higher scores for Healthy Eating Index, Mediterranean Diet Score and Healthy Dietary Pattern. The least healthy quintiles of dietary pattern as measured by the three methods were associated with a clustering of unhealthy behaviors, that is, smoking, low physical activity, highest intake of total fat and saturated fatty acids, and low intakes of fruits and vegetables. The three dietary patterns used indicated that the most healthy patterns were associated with a higher socioeconomic position, while lower patterns were associated with several unhealthy behaviors.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                250-472-5544 , larbour@uvic.ca
                Journal
                Can J Public Health
                Can J Public Health
                Canadian Journal of Public Health
                Springer International Publishing (Cham )
                0008-4263
                1920-7476
                9 May 2018
                9 May 2018
                2018
                : 109
                : 5
                : 684-691
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2288 9830, GRID grid.17091.3e, Department of Medicine, Island Medical Program, , University of British Columbia, ; Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2288 9830, GRID grid.17091.3e, School of Population and Public Health, , University of British Columbia, ; Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
                [3 ]Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Bergen, Norway
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1541 4204, GRID grid.418193.6, Division of Epidemiology, , Norwegian Institute of Public Health, ; Bergen, Norway
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8649, GRID grid.14709.3b, School of Human Nutrition, , McGill University Macdonald Campus, ; Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec Canada
                [6 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9465, GRID grid.143640.4, Division of Medical Sciences, , University of Victoria, ; Victoria, British Columbia Canada
                [7 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9465, GRID grid.143640.4, UBC Department of Medical Genetics, Island Medical Program, , University of Victoria, ; Medical Sciences Building, Rm 104, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2 Canada
                Article
                85
                10.17269/s41997-018-0085-y
                6267647
                29981096
                3e2b9cac-3d59-4d04-8006-ef9a860ff9e8
                © The Author(s) 2018

                Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                : 5 December 2017
                : 20 April 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: Government of Canada Federal Program for the International Polar Year
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000008, Health Canada;
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000024, Canadian Institutes of Health Research;
                Funded by: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada
                Funded by: Government of Nunavut
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000003, ArcticNet;
                Funded by: Canada Research Chair Program
                Funded by: Canadian Foundation for Innovation
                Funded by: Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research (CA)
                Categories
                Quantitative Research
                Custom metadata
                © The Canadian Public Health Association 2018

                inuit,indigenous,folic acid,red blood cell folate,body mass index,food security,inuits,autochtones,acide folique,folate érythrocytaire,indice de masse corporelle,sécurité alimentaire

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