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      Diagnóstico de linfomas cutáneos mediante detección de clonalidad por PCR-heterodúplex Translated title: Diagnosis of cutaneous lymphomas by clonicity detection through PCR-heteroduplex technique

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          Abstract

          La detección de clonalidad en los síndromes linfoproliferativos mediante el estudio del reordenamiento de los genes de las inmuglobulinas y del receptor de células T, es utilizada para esclarecer si una proliferación o infiltrado de linfocitos es maligno o no. Este tipo de estudio es de particular utilidad en presencia de lesiones cutáneas cuyo origen linfoide o dermatológico resulta difícil de definir. Mediante la técnica de PCR-heterodúplex se estudiaron los genes de la cadena pesada de las inmunoglobulinas y de la cadena gamma del receptor de las células T, en 10 pacientes que presentaban manifestaciones dermatológicas atribuibles a algún tipo de linfoma cutáneo. Se observó reordenamiento clonal en 7 pacientes, lo cual permitió confirmar el diagnóstico de micosis fungoide y otros tipos de linfomas cutáneos. En 3 pacientes que no mostraron reordenamiento clonal, no fue posible confirmar por esta técnica un proceso linfoide de carácter maligno. Se demostró la utilidad del estudio cuando en presencia de una afección en la piel, es difícil diferenciar un proceso dermatológico de un síndrome linfoproliferativo con manifestaciones en piel.

          Translated abstract

          The clonicity detection in the lymphoproliferative syndromes by studying the rearrangement of the immunoglobulin genes and of the T-receptor cells is used to make clear if a proliferation or infiltrate of lymphocytes is malignant or not. This type of study is particularly useful in the presence of cutaneous lesions whose lymphoid or dermatological origin is difficult to define. By the PCR-heteroduplex technique, the genes of the immunoglobulin heavy chain and of the T-cell receptor chain were studied in 10 patients that presented dermatological manifestations attributable to some kind of cutaneous lymphoma. Clonal rearrangement was observed in 7 patients, which allowed to confirm the diagnosis of mycosis fungoides and other types of cutaneous lymphomas. It was not possible to confirm a lymphoid process of malignant character by this technique in 3 patients who did not show clonal rearrangement. The usefulness of the study was proved when in the presence of a skin affection, it was difficult to differentiate a dermatological process from a proliferative syndrome with cutaneous manifestations.

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          Most cited references34

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          Polymerase chain reaction-based clonality testing in tissue samples with reactive lymphoproliferations: usefulness and pitfalls. A report of the BIOMED-2 Concerted Action BMH4-CT98-3936.

          Lymphoproliferations are generally diagnosed via histomorphology and immunohistochemistry. Although mostly conclusive, occasionally the differential diagnosis between reactive lesions and malignant lymphomas is difficult. In such cases molecular clonality studies of immunoglobulin (Ig)/T-cell receptor (TCR) rearrangements can be useful. Here we address the issue of clonality assessment in 106 histologically defined reactive lesions, using the standardized BIOMED-2 Ig/TCR multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) heteroduplex and GeneScan assays. Samples were reviewed nationally, except 10% random cases and cases with clonal results selected for additional international panel review. In total 75% (79/106) only showed polyclonal Ig/TCR targets (type I), whereas another 15% (16/106) represent probably polyclonal cases, with weak Ig/TCR (oligo)clonality in an otherwise polyclonal background (type II). Interestingly, in 10% (11/106) clear monoclonal Ig/TCR products were observed (types III/IV), which prompted further pathological review. Clonal cases included two missed lymphomas in national review and nine cases that could be explained as diagnostically difficult cases or probable lymphomas upon additional review. Our data show that the BIOMED-2 Ig/TCR multiplex PCR assays are very helpful in confirming the polyclonal character in the vast majority of reactive lesions. However, clonality detection in a minority should lead to detailed pathological review, including close interaction between pathologist and molecular biologist.
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            Detection of expanded T cell clones in skin biopsy samples of patients with lichen sclerosus et atrophicus by T cell receptor-gamma polymerase chain reaction assays.

            Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus is a chronic dermatosis of unknown etiology and pathogenesis. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus associated skin lesions show T cell enriched infiltrates, sometimes resembling the histologic picture of early mycosis fungoides. It is supposed that the infiltrating T cells participate in the pathogenesis of atrophy and sclerosis. We investigated skin biopsies from 39 lichen sclerosus et atrophicus patients by histology, immunohistochemistry and, in order to establish the status of T cell clonality, by polymerase chain reaction amplifying the T cell receptor-gamma rearrangements. A stage-dependent shift of the CD3-positive T cells was observed from a predominantly CD4-positive to a predominantly CD8-positive phenotype. The increase of CD8-positive cells was associated with more pronounced epidermotropism and basal degeneration. Nearly all CD8-positive cells expressed cytotoxic granules (TIA1), possibly causing the basal destruction. In the late fibrotic stage of the disease, only a weak or no infiltrate was found. Regarding the T cell receptor-gamma polymerase chain reaction, the presence of clonally expanded T cells was demonstrated in 19 of 39 patients (49%) by at least one of two different high resolution electrophoresis techniques applied to separate the amplification products. Thus, for the first time clonally expanded infiltrating T cells were detected in lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. Furthermore, this is one of the first reports on the detection of clonally expanded infiltrating T cells in an inflammatory skin disease. The clonal T cells could not be assigned to the CD4 or CD8 subtype. Most likely, their presence is not the result of a malignant transformation but a response to an as yet unknown lichen sclerosus et atrophicus associated antigen.
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              Description of a novel FR1 IgH PCR strategy and its comparison with three other strategies for the detection of clonality in B cell malignancies.

              PCR amplification of IgH gene V-D-J junctional variability (IgH PCR) is increasingly replacing Southern analysis for the detection of clonal lymphoid populations in cases presenting diagnostic difficulties. In order to determine the most efficient strategy, we have compared three known methods, using consensus primers against the VH FR3 or FR2 (FR256) regions, or a mix of six primers against the FR1 region (FR1f), with a new approach using a consensus primer against FR1 (FR1c), never previously described for diagnostic purposes, on DNA from 89 monoclonal B-cell proliferations (16 ALL, 28 CLL/PLL, 15 myelomas, 30 NHL). We obtained a detection rate of 70% for FR3, 64% for FR1f and 77% and 78% for FR256 and FR1c, respectively. Polyclonal lymphocytes and mature T cell malignancies tested negative for all systems. Differences in the detection rate were related not only to the choice of VH primer but also the JH primer(s) used and the pathological subtype. All strategies led to adequate detection of leukaemic DNA, whereas the detection rate in myeloma varied between strategies from 47 to 80% and that of follicular lymphoma from 13 to 63%. The lowest detection rates were observed in follicular lymphoma and in mature CD5 negative proliferations, reflecting the probable correlation between somatic mutation and PCR false-negativity. The combined use of FR1c and FR256 allowed detection in at least one system of 92% of cases overall and at least 75% in all pathological subtypes, thus providing a simple, reliable and rapid non-radioactive system for the detection of B cell clonality.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                hih
                Revista Cubana de Hematología, Inmunología y Hemoterapia
                Rev Cubana Hematol Inmunol Hemoter
                Editorial Ciencias Médicas (Ciudad de la Habana )
                1561-2996
                April 2008
                : 24
                : 1
                : 0
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Instituto de Hematología e Inmunología Cuba
                [2 ] Instituto Nacional de Oncología y Radiobiología Cuba
                Article
                S0864-02892008000100002
                3e2ddde8-612a-410f-a683-122daf64c3d0

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Cuba

                Self URI (journal page): http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0864-0289&lng=en
                Categories
                HEMATOLOGY

                Hematology
                Cutaneous lymphoma,clonicity,PCR-heteroduplex technique,linfoma cutáneo,clonalidad,PCR-heterodúplex

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