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      The Great American Biotic Interchange: Dispersals, Tectonics, Climate, Sea Level and Holding Pens

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          Abstract

          The biotic and geologic dynamics of the Great American Biotic Interchange are reviewed and revised. Information on the Marine Isotope Stage chronology, sea level changes as well as Pliocene and Pleistocene vegetation changes in Central and northern South America add to a discussion of the role of climate in facilitating trans-isthmian exchanges. Trans-isthmian land mammal exchanges during the Pleistocene glacial intervals appear to have been promoted by the development of diverse non-tropical ecologies.

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          The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10914-010-9144-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Most cited references28

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          Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present.

          Since 65 million years ago (Ma), Earth's climate has undergone a significant and complex evolution, the finer details of which are now coming to light through investigations of deep-sea sediment cores. This evolution includes gradual trends of warming and cooling driven by tectonic processes on time scales of 10(5) to 10(7) years, rhythmic or periodic cycles driven by orbital processes with 10(4)- to 10(6)-year cyclicity, and rare rapid aberrant shifts and extreme climate transients with durations of 10(3) to 10(5) years. Here, recent progress in defining the evolution of global climate over the Cenozoic Era is reviewed. We focus primarily on the periodic and anomalous components of variability over the early portion of this era, as constrained by the latest generation of deep-sea isotope records. We also consider how this improved perspective has led to the recognition of previously unforeseen mechanisms for altering climate.
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            Mammalian evolution and the great american interchange.

            A reciprocal and apparently symmetrical interchange of land mammals between North and South America began about 3 million years ago, after the appearance of the Panamanian land bridge. The number of families of land mammals in South America rose from 32 before the interchange to 39 after it began, and then back to 35 at present. An equivalent number of families experienced a comparable rise and decline in North America during the same interval. These changes in diversity are predicted by the MacArthur-Wilson species equilibrium theory. The greater number of North American genera (24) initially entering South America than the reverse (12) is predicted by the proportions of reservoir genera on the two continents. However, a later imbalance caused by secondary immigrants (those which evolved from initial immigrants) is not expected from equilibrium theory.
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              Deep-sea temperature and ice volume changes across the Pliocene-Pleistocene climate transitions.

              Earth has undergone profound changes since the late Pliocene, which led to the development [approximately 2.7 million years ago (Ma)] and intensification (approximately 0.9 Ma) of large-scale Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, recorded as transitions in the benthic foraminiferal oxygen isotope (delta18Ob) record. Here we present an orbitally resolved record of deep ocean temperature derived from benthic foraminiferal magnesium/calcium ratios from the North Atlantic, which shows that temperature variations are a substantial portion of the global delta18Ob signal. The record shows two distinct cooling events associated with the late Pliocene (LPT, 2.5 to 3 Ma) and mid-Pleistocene (MPT, 1.2 to 0.85 Ma) climate transitions. Whereas the LPT increase in ice volume is attributed directly to global cooling, the shift to 100,000-year cycles at the MPT is more likely to be a response to an additional change in ice-sheet dynamics.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                mikew@npgcable.com
                Journal
                J Mamm Evol
                Journal of Mammalian Evolution
                Springer US (Boston )
                1064-7554
                1573-7055
                14 July 2010
                14 July 2010
                December 2010
                : 17
                : 4
                : 245-264
                Affiliations
                Department of Geology, Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA
                Article
                9144
                10.1007/s10914-010-9144-8
                2987556
                21125025
                3e4ee61e-d287-4939-ba7a-0d77983eeab1
                © The Author(s) 2010
                History
                Categories
                Original Article
                Custom metadata
                © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010

                Evolutionary Biology
                central america,pleistocene ice ages,great american biotic interchange,biogeography

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