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      Determination of a cutoff value for pelvic floor distensibility using the Epi-no balloon to predict perineal integrity in vaginal delivery: ROC curve analysis. Prospective observational single cohort study : Determinação de um valor de ponto de corte para a extensibilidade do assoalho pélvico pelo balão Epi-no para predizer integridade perineal no parto vaginal: análise pela curva ROC. Estudo prospectivo observacional de coorte única

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          ABSTRACT

          CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE:

          Several risk factors are involved in perineal lacerations during vaginal delivery. However, little is known about the influence of perineal distensibility as a protective factor. The aim here was to determine a cutoff value for pelvic floor distensibility measured using the Epi-no balloon, which could be used as a predictive factor for perineal integrity in vaginal delivery.

          DESIGN AND SETTING:

          Prospective observational single cohort study conducted in a maternity hospital.

          METHODS:

          A convenience sample of 227 consecutive at-term parturients was used. All women had a single fetus in the vertex presentation, with up to 9.0 cm of dilation. The maximum dilation of the Epi-no balloon was measured using a tape measure after it had been inflated inside the vagina up to the parturients’ maximum tolerance. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to obtain the Epi-no circumference measurement with best sensitivity and specificity.

          RESULTS:

          Among the 161 patients who were included in the study, 50.9% underwent episiotomy, 21.8% presented lacerations and 27.3% retained an intact perineum. Age > 25.9 years; number of pregnancies > 3.4; number of deliveries > 2.2 and circumference measured by Epi-no > 21.4 cm were all directly correlated with an intact perineum. Circumference measurements using the Epi-no balloon that were greater than 20.8 cm showed sensitivity and specificity of 70.5% and 66.7% (area under curve = 0.713), respectively, as a predictive factor for an intact perineum in vaginal delivery.

          CONCLUSION:

          Circumferences greater than 20.8 cm achieved using the Epi-no balloon are a predictive factor for perineal integrity in parturients.

          RESUMO

          CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO:

          Diversos fatores de risco estão envolvidos nas lacerações do períneo durante o parto vaginal, contudo, pouco se sabe sobre a influência da extensibilidade perineal como um fator protetor. O objetivo foi avaliar o ponto de corte da extensibilidade do assoalho pélvico medido pelo balão Epi-no, o qual poderia ser usado como fator preditor de integridade perineal no parto vaginal.

          TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL:

          Estudo prospectivo observacional de coorte única conduzido em maternidade.

          MÉTODOS:

          Uma amostra de conveniência de 277 parturientes consecutivas no termo foi utilizada. Todas as mulheres tinham feto único com apresentação cefálica fletida, com até 9,0 cm de dilatação. A máxima dilatação do balão Epi-no foi medida com fita métrica após a sua insuflação dentro da vagina até a tolerância máxima da parturiente. Uma curva característica de operação do receptor (ROC) foi utilizada para obter a medida da circunferência com a melhor sensibilidade e especificidade.

          RESULTADOS:

          Dentre as 161 pacientes que foram incluídas no estudo, 50,9% sofreram episiotomia, 21,8% lacerações e 27,3% tiveram o períneo intacto. Idade > 25,9 anos; número de gestações > 3,4; número de partos > 2,2; e medida do perímetro do Epi-no > 21,4 cm foram todos diretamente correlacionados com períneo intacto. Os valores do perímetro com o balão Epi-no que estavam acima de 20,8 cm mostraram sensibilidade e especificidade de 70,5% e 66,7% (área sob a curva = 0,713), respectivamente, como fator preditor de períneo intacto no parto vaginal.

          CONCLUSÃO:

          Circunferência medida pelo balão Epi-no maior que 20,8 cm é fator preditor de integridade perineal em parturientes.

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          Most cited references81

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          Levator trauma after vaginal delivery.

          To date, the evidence on pelvic floor injury in labor remains sketchy due to a lack of prospective studies comparing pelvic floor imaging before and after childbirth. We intended to define the incidence of major trauma to the pubovisceral muscle. A total of 61 nulliparous women were seen at 36-40 weeks of gestation in a prospective observational study. The assessment included an interview and 3-dimensional translabial ultrasound and was repeated 2-6 months postpartum. Fifty women (82%) were seen postpartum. Of the 39 women delivered vaginally, levator avulsion was diagnosed in 14 (36%, 95% confidence interval 21-51%). Among those delivered vaginally, there were associations with higher maternal age (P = .10), vaginal operative delivery (P = .07), and worsened stress incontinence postpartum (P = .02). Avulsion of the inferomedial aspects of the levator ani from the pelvic sidewall occurred in approximately one third of all women delivered vaginally and was associated with stress incontinence 3 months after childbirth.
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            Levator ani muscle stretch induced by simulated vaginal birth.

            To develop a three-dimensional computer model to predict levator ani muscle stretch during vaginal birth.
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              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Intrapartum risk factors for levator trauma.

              To determine intrapartum risk factors associated with levator trauma as identified by ultrasound imaging. A prospective observational study. Antenatal clinic of a tertiary hospital between May 2005 and February 2008. Nulliparous women (n=488) in their first ongoing pregnancy. An interview and four-dimensional translabial ultrasound was carried out between 36 and 38 weeks and again 3-4 months after delivery. Obstetric data were collected from the hospital database and/or participants' records. Levator macrotrauma ('avulsion') and microtrauma (irreversible overdistension). A total of 367 women (75%) returned for the postpartum assessment after normal vaginal delivery (n=187, 51%), vacuum (n=34, 9%), forceps (n=20, 5%) and caesarean section (n=126, 34%). Median follow up was 4.08 months (interquartile range 3.68-5.03 months). Levator avulsion was diagnosed in 32 (13%) of the women who delivered vaginally and in none of the caesarean section group regardless of indication. On multivariable regression forceps delivery was significantly associated with avulsion (P=0.01; OR 3.83; 95% CI 1.34-10.94). Using >20% peripartum increase in hiatal area on Valsalva as the cutoff, 28.5% of vaginally parous women were shown to have suffered irreversible overdistension. This was positively associated with the length of second stage (P=0.001; OR 1.01 per minute; 95% CI 1.0-1.02). Intrapartum epidural appeared to have a protective effect (P=0.03; OR 0.42; 95% CI 0.19-0.93). Levator trauma at the time of first delivery is associated with vaginal delivery, forceps and a longer second stage. Epidural pain relief may exert a protective effect. © 2010 The Authors Journal compilation © RCOG 2010 BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sao Paulo Med J
                Sao Paulo Med J
                Sao Paulo Med J
                São Paulo Medical Journal
                Associação Paulista de Medicina - APM
                1516-3180
                1806-9460
                17 March 2015
                2016
                : 134
                : 2
                : 97-102
                Affiliations
                [I ] originalPhD. Voluntary Physiotherapist, Pelvic Floor Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil.
                [II ] originalMSc. Voluntary Physiotherapist, Pelvic Floor Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil.
                [III ] originalPhD. Adjunct Professor, Pelvic Floor Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil.
                [IV ] originalBSc. Postgraduate Student, Pelvic Floor Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil.
                [V ] originalPhD. Associate Professor, Pelvic Floor Unit, Department of Obstetrics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil.
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Edward Araujo Júnior. Rua Carlos Weber, 956 - apto 113 - Visage. Vila Leopoldina - São Paulo (SP) - Brasil. CEP 05303-000. Tel./Fax. (+55 11) 3796-5944. E-mail: araujojred@ 123456terra.com.br

                Conflicts of interest: None

                Article
                10.1590/1516-3180.2014.8581009
                10496538
                25789777
                3e51ddb0-ad62-409a-bed4-0f94c175190d

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons license.

                History
                : 18 March 2014
                : 25 August 2014
                : 10 September 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 27, Pages: 06
                Categories
                Original Article

                physical therapy modalities,pelvic floor,perineum,labor stage, first,parturition

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