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      Involvement of cathepsin B in mitochondrial apoptosis by p-phenylenediamine under ambient UV radiation.

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          Abstract

          Paraphenylenediamine (PPD), a derivative of paranitroaniline has been most commonly used as an ingredient of oxidative hair dye and permanent tattoos. We have studied the phototoxic potential of PPD under ambient ultraviolet radiation. PPD is photodegraded and form a novel photoproduct under UV A exposure. PPD shows a concentration dependent decrease in cell viability of human Keratinocyte cells (HaCaT) through MTT and NRU test. Significant intracellular ROS generation was measured by DCFDA assay. It caused an oxidative DNA damage via single stranded DNA breaks, micronuclei and CPD formation. Both lysosome and mitochondria is main target for PPD induced apoptosis which was proved through lysosomal destabilization and release of cathepsin B by immunofluorescence, real time PCR and western blot analysis. Cathepsin B process BID to active tBID which induces the release of cytochrome C from mitochondria. Mitochondrial depolarization was reported through transmission electron microscopy. The cathepsin inhibitor reduced the release of cytochrome C in PPD treated cells. Thus study suggests that PPD leads to apoptosis via the involvement of lysosome and mitochondria both under ambient UV radiation. Therefore, photosensitizing nature of hair dye ingredients should be tested before coming to market as a cosmetic product for the safety of human beings.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          J. Hazard. Mater.
          Journal of hazardous materials
          Elsevier BV
          1873-3336
          0304-3894
          Dec 30 2015
          : 300
          Affiliations
          [1 ] Photobiology Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, India.
          [2 ] Photobiology Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
          [3 ] Photobiology Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India. Electronic address: ratanray.2011@rediffmail.com.
          Article
          S0304-3894(15)00569-5
          10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.07.032
          26223015
          3e61ceaa-8ebf-41b5-9723-c6e2906eda80
          History

          Cathepsin B,PPD (paraphenylenediamine),Phototoxicity,Cytochrome C,Apoptosis

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