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      Metodologias analíticas para determinação das fumonisinas em milho e alimentos à base de milho Translated title: Analitycal metodologies for the determination of fumonisins in maize and maize-based food products

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          Translated abstract

          Fumonisins are mycotoxins occurring worldwide, mainly in maize and maize-based food products, which could affect animal and human health. This paper reviews analytical methodologies for the determination of these fungal toxins in foods. It includes extraction, cleanup, derivatization procedures, detection, quantification, and confirmation procedures. Initial attempts at gas chromatographic methods and thin layer chromatography were supplanted by liquid chromatographic methods, mainly performed with fluorometric detection, or mass spectrometry detection, enabling the analysis of polar and thermolabile chemicals without chemical derivatization, which results in lower limits of detection. Alternative methods, such as enzyme linked immunosorbent assay or zone capillary zone electrophoresis, are also described.

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          Most cited references79

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          Recent advances in QM/MM free energy calculations using reference potentials☆

          Background Recent years have seen enormous progress in the development of methods for modeling (bio)molecular systems. This has allowed for the simulation of ever larger and more complex systems. However, as such complexity increases, the requirements needed for these models to be accurate and physically meaningful become more and more difficult to fulfill. The use of simplified models to describe complex biological systems has long been shown to be an effective way to overcome some of the limitations associated with this computational cost in a rational way. Scope of review Hybrid QM/MM approaches have rapidly become one of the most popular computational tools for studying chemical reactivity in biomolecular systems. However, the high cost involved in performing high-level QM calculations has limited the applicability of these approaches when calculating free energies of chemical processes. In this review, we present some of the advances in using reference potentials and mean field approximations to accelerate high-level QM/MM calculations. We present illustrative applications of these approaches and discuss challenges and future perspectives for the field. Major conclusions The use of physically-based simplifications has shown to effectively reduce the cost of high-level QM/MM calculations. In particular, lower-level reference potentials enable one to reduce the cost of expensive free energy calculations, thus expanding the scope of problems that can be addressed. General significance As was already demonstrated 40 years ago, the usage of simplified models still allows one to obtain cutting edge results with substantially reduced computational cost. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Recent developments of molecular dynamics.
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            Ceramide as an activator lipid of cathepsin D.

            We have identified the aspartic protease cathepsin D as a novel intracellular target protein for the lipid second messenger ceramide. Ceramide specifically binds to and induces CTSD proteolytic activity. A-SMase deficient cells derived from Niemann-Pick patients show decreased CTSD activity that was reconstituted by transfection with A-SMase cDNA. Ceramide accumulation in cells derived from A-ceramidase defective Farber patients correlates with enhanced CTSD activity. These findings suggest that A-SMase-derived ceramide targets endolysosomal CTSD.
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              Appl. Environ. Microbiol.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                qn
                Química Nova
                Quím. Nova
                Sociedade Brasileira de Química (São Paulo )
                1678-7064
                April 2006
                : 29
                : 2
                : 293-299
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade de Coimbra Portugal
                Article
                S0100-40422006000200021
                10.1590/S0100-40422006000200021
                3e7ba573-449b-4816-8f2a-a867771b6966

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0100-4042&lng=en
                Categories
                CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

                General chemistry
                fumonisins,analytical methodologies,maize
                General chemistry
                fumonisins, analytical methodologies, maize

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