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      Biosensors in Health Care: The Milestones Achieved in Their Development towards Lab-on-Chip-Analysis

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          Abstract

          Immense potentiality of biosensors in medical diagnostics has driven scientists in evolution of biosensor technologies and innovating newer tools in time. The cornerstone of the popularity of biosensors in sensing wide range of biomolecules in medical diagnostics is due to their simplicity in operation, higher sensitivity, ability to perform multiplex analysis, and capability to be integrated with different function by the same chip. There remains a huge challenge to meet the demands of performance and yield to its simplicity and affordability. Ultimate goal stands for providing point-of-care testing facility to the remote areas worldwide, particularly the developing countries. It entails continuous development in technology towards multiplexing ability, fabrication, and miniaturization of biosensor devices so that they can provide lab-on-chip-analysis systems to the community.

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          Most cited references71

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          The fluorescent toolbox for assessing protein location and function.

          Advances in molecular biology, organic chemistry, and materials science have recently created several new classes of fluorescent probes for imaging in cell biology. Here we review the characteristic benefits and limitations of fluorescent probes to study proteins. The focus is on protein detection in live versus fixed cells: determination of protein expression, localization, activity state, and the possibility for combination of fluorescent light microscopy with electron microscopy. Small organic fluorescent dyes, nanocrystals ("quantum dots"), autofluorescent proteins, small genetic encoded tags that can be complexed with fluorochromes, and combinations of these probes are highlighted.
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            Glucose oxidase-graphene-chitosan modified electrode for direct electrochemistry and glucose sensing.

            Direct electrochemistry of a glucose oxidase (GOD)-graphene-chitosan nanocomposite was studied. The immobilized enzyme retains its bioactivity, exhibits a surface confined, reversible two-proton and two-electron transfer reaction, and has good stability, activity and a fast heterogeneous electron transfer rate with the rate constant (k(s)) of 2.83 s(-1). A much higher enzyme loading (1.12 x 10(-9)mol/cm(2)) is obtained as compared to the bare glass carbon surface. This GOD-graphene-chitosan nanocomposite film can be used for sensitive detection of glucose. The biosensor exhibits a wider linearity range from 0.08mM to 12mM glucose with a detection limit of 0.02mM and much higher sensitivity (37.93microAmM(-1)cm(-2)) as compared with other nanostructured supports. The excellent performance of the biosensor is attributed to large surface-to-volume ratio and high conductivity of graphene, and good biocompatibility of chitosan, which enhances the enzyme absorption and promotes direct electron transfer between redox enzymes and the surface of electrodes.
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              Recent advances in graphene quantum dots for sensing

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Biochem Res Int
                Biochem Res Int
                BRI
                Biochemistry Research International
                Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                2090-2247
                2090-2255
                2016
                3 March 2016
                : 2016
                : 3130469
                Affiliations
                Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492099, India
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Gary A. Lorigan

                Article
                10.1155/2016/3130469
                4794574
                27042353
                3e8a9925-a836-4604-9300-621213c57646
                Copyright © 2016 Suprava Patel et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 15 October 2015
                : 4 January 2016
                : 19 January 2016
                Categories
                Review Article

                Biochemistry
                Biochemistry

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