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      Pelvic MRI: Is Endovaginal or Rectal Filling Needed?

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          Abstract

          Magnetic resonance imaging is the optimal modality for pelvic imaging. It is based on T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) sequences allowing uterine and vaginal cavity assessment as well as rectal evaluation. Anatomical depiction of these structures may benefit from distension, and conditions either developing inside the lumen of cavities or coming from the outside may then be better delineated and localized. The need for distension, either rectal or vaginal, and the way to conduct it are matters of debate, depending on indication for which the MR examination is being conducted. In this review, we discuss advantages and potential drawbacks of this technique, based on literature and our experience, in the evaluation of various gynecological and rectal diseases.

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          The prevalence of congenital uterine anomalies in unselected and high-risk populations: a systematic review

          Y.Y. Chan, K. Jayaprakasan, Richard Zamora … (2011)
          BACKGROUND The prevalence of congenital uterine anomalies in high-risk women is unclear, as several different diagnostic approaches have been applied to different groups of patients. This review aims to evaluate the prevalence of such anomalies in unselected populations and in women with infertility, including those undergoing IVF treatment, women with a history of miscarriage, women with infertility and recurrent miscarriage combined, and women with a history of preterm delivery. METHODS Searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and the Cochrane register were performed. Study selection and data extraction were conducted independently by two reviewers. Studies were grouped into those that used ‘optimal’ and ‘suboptimal’ tests for uterine anomalies. Meta-analyses were performed to establish the prevalence of uterine anomalies and their subtypes within the various populations. RESULTS We identified 94 observational studies comprising 89 861 women. The prevalence of uterine anomalies diagnosed by optimal tests was 5.5% [95% confidence interval (CI), 3.5–8.5] in the unselected population, 8.0% (95% CI, 5.3–12) in infertile women, 13.3% (95% CI, 8.9–20.0) in those with a history of miscarriage and 24.5% (95% CI, 18.3–32.8) in those with miscarriage and infertility. Arcuate uterus is most common in the unselected population (3.9%; 95% CI, 2.1–7.1), and its prevalence is not increased in high-risk groups. In contrast, septate uterus is the most common anomaly in high-risk populations. CONCLUSIONS Women with a history of miscarriage or miscarriage and infertility have higher prevalence of congenital uterine anomalies compared with the unselected population.
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            Mullerian duct anomalies: imaging and clinical issues.

            R N Troiano, James McCarthy (2004)
            While estimates of the frequency of müllerian duct anomalies vary widely owing to different patient populations, nonstandardized classification systems, and differences in diagnostic data acquisition, these anomalies are clinically important, particularly in women who present with infertility. An understanding of the differences between these uterovaginal anomalies, as outlined in the most widely accepted classification system-that published by the American Fertility Society (AFS) in 1988-is imperative given the respective clinical manifestations, different treatment regimens, and prognosis for fetal salvage. Although the AFS classification system serves as a framework for description of anomalies, communication among physicians, and comparison of therapeutic modalities, there often is confusion about appropriate reporting of certain anomalies, particularly those with features of more than one class. Many of the anomalies are initially diagnosed at hysterosalpingography and ultrasonography; however, further imaging is often required for definitive diagnosis and elaboration of secondary findings. At this time, magnetic resonance imaging is the study of choice because of its high accuracy and detailed elaboration of uterovaginal anatomy. Laparoscopy and hysteroscopy are reserved for women in whom interventional therapy is likely to be undertaken. Copyright RSNA, 2004
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              Staging of uterine cervical cancer with MRI: guidelines of the European Society of Urogenital Radiology.

              Juan Lopez-Delgado, B. Hamm, T Cunha … (2011)
              To design clear guidelines for the staging and follow-up of patients with uterine cervical cancer, and to provide the radiologist with a framework for use in multidisciplinary conferences. Guidelines for uterine cervical cancer staging and follow-up were defined by the female imaging subcommittee of the ESUR (European Society of Urogenital Radiology) based on the expert consensus of imaging protocols of 11 leading institutions and a critical review of the literature. The results indicated that high field Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) should include at least two T2-weighted sequences in sagittal, axial oblique or coronal oblique orientation (short and long axis of the uterine cervix) of the pelvic content. Axial T1-weighted sequence is useful to detect suspicious pelvic and abdominal lymph nodes, and images from symphysis to the left renal vein are required. The intravenous administration of Gadolinium-chelates is optional but is often required for small lesions (<2 cm) and for follow-up after treatment. Diffusion-weighted sequences are optional but are recommended to help evaluate lymph nodes and to detect a residual lesion after chemoradiotherapy. Expert consensus and literature review lead to an optimized MRI protocol to stage uterine cervical cancer. MRI is the imaging modality of choice for preoperative staging and follow-up in patients with uterine cervical cancer.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Korean J Radiol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Korean J Radiol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): KJR
                Title: Korean Journal of Radiology
                Publisher: The Korean Society of Radiology
                ISSN (Print): 1229-6929
                ISSN (Electronic): 2005-8330
                Publication date (Print): May-Jun 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): 06 April 2018
                Volume: 19
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 397-409
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Reims, Reims 51092, France.
                [2 ]Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de Valenciennes, Valenciennes 59300, France.
                [3 ]Department of Abdominal Imaging, Hôpital Lariboisière-APHP, Paris 75010, France.
                [4 ]Department of Radiology, Hospices civils de Lyon, Centre hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre-Bénite 69495, France.
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Constance Engelaere, MD, Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Reims, 45 rue Cognacq Jay, Reims 51092, France. Tel: 33 26 78 86 20, Fax: 33 26 78 35 31, constance.e@ 123456hotmail.fr
                Article
                DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2018.19.3.397
                PMC ID: 5904466
                SO-VID: 3e8e2918-0951-45f9-9f7e-903ad0c27284
                Copyright statement: Copyright © 2018 The Korean Society of Radiology
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 22 June 2017
                Date accepted : 7 October 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Genitourinary Imaging
                Subject: Pictorial Essay

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Radiology & Imaging
                Keywords: endoluminal contrast,magnetic resonace imaging,pelvic organ prolapse,gu imaging,gi imaging
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Radiology & Imaging
                Keywords: endoluminal contrast, magnetic resonace imaging, pelvic organ prolapse, gu imaging, gi imaging

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