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      Expression of Nestin, Transcription Factor SOX3 and Homeobox Protein DLX-4 in the Facial Tissue of Children with Cleft Lip and Palate Translated title: Expresión de Nestina, Factor de Transcripción SOX3 y Proteína Homeobox DLX-4 en el Tejido Facial de Niños con Fisura Labiopalatina

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          Abstract

          SUMMARY: The failure of fusion of nasal and maxillary processes results in cleft lip and palate (CLP), which is one of the most common birth defects. The morphopathogenesis of this pathology is multifactorial and still largely unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of nestin, transcriptor factor SOX3 (Sox3) and homeobox protein DLX-4 (Dlx-4) in complete unilateral (CU) and complete bilateral (CB) CLP affected facial tissue. Oral mucosa tissue samples were obtained from 17 CUCLP and 13 CBCLP patients during surgical cleft correction and 6 unaffected control subjects. Obtained tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and by immunohistochemistry for nestin, Sox3 and Dlx-4. The intensity of staining was graded semiquantitatively. Nestin-positive structures were detected in all CUCLP and CBCLP patients’ tissue samples, varying from moderate number of nestin-positive structures to numerous. Sox3 immunoreactivity was more prominent in epithelial cells in both patient groups with frequently patchy distribution. Mainly moderate number of Dlx-4-positive cells was observed in most of tissue samples. Statistically significant moderate positive correlation was found between nestin and Sox3 factors in CUCLP patient group (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient = .517, P = .034). Increase of nestinpositive structures suggests its role in the regulation of the remodeling of tissue in both CUCLP and CBCLP affected tissue. Dominance of Sox3 positivity in cleft affected epithelium indicates its possible role in (compensatory) formation of defective oral epithelium of CUCLP and CBCLP patients. The reduced expression of Dlx-4 implicates its limited regulatory role on the craniofacial development in CUCLP and CBCLP affected tissue.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN: La falla en la fusión de los procesos nasal y maxilar son causante de la fisura labiopalatina (FLP), que es uno de los defectos congénitos más comunes. La morfopatogenia de esta patología es multifactorial y aún poco clara. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la presencia de nestina, el factor transcriptor SOX3 (Sox3) y la proteína homeobox DLX-4 (Dlx-4) en todo el tejido facial afectado por FLP bilateral unilateral (FU) y bilateral completa (FB). Se obtuvieron muestras de tejido de mucosa oral de 17 pacientes FUFLP y 13 FBFLP durante la corrección quirúrgica de la fisura y de 6 sujetos de control no afectados. Las secciones de tejido obtenidas se tiñeron con hematoxilina y eosina y mediante inmunohistoquímica para nestina, Sox3 y Dlx-4. La intensidad de la tinción fue graduada semicuantitativamente. Se detectaron estructuras positivas para nestina en todas las muestras de tejido de pacientes FUFLP y FBFLP, variando desde un número moderado a numerosas estructuras positivas para nestina. La inmunorreactividad de Sox3 fue más prominente en las células epiteliales en ambos grupos de pacientes con distribución frecuentemente irregular. Se observó un número principalmente moderado de células Dlx-4-positivas en la mayoría de las muestras de tejido. Se encontró una correlación positiva moderada estadísticamente significativa entre los factores de nestina y Sox3 en el grupo de pacientes FUFLP (coeficiente de correlación de rangos de Spearman = 0,517, P = 0,034). El aumento de estructuras positivas para nestina sugiere su papel en la regulación de la remodelación de tejido, tanto en tejido afectado por FUFLP como FBFLP. La dominancia de la positividad de Sox3 en el epitelio afectado de la fisura, indica su posible papel en la formación (compensatoria) del epitelio oral defectuoso de pacientes FUFLP y FBFLP. La expresión reducida de Dlx-4 implica su función reguladora limitada en el desarrollo craneofacial en tejido afectado por FUFLP y FBFLP.

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          Fixation of ejaculated spermatozoa for electron microscopy.

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            Genetics of cleft lip and cleft palate.

            Orofacial clefts are common birth defects and can occur as isolated, nonsyndromic events or as part of Mendelian syndromes. There is substantial phenotypic diversity in individuals with these birth defects and their family members: from subclinical phenotypes to associated syndromic features that is mirrored by the many genes that contribute to the etiology of these disorders. Identification of these genes and loci has been the result of decades of research using multiple genetic approaches. Significant progress has been made recently due to advances in sequencing and genotyping technologies, primarily through the use of whole exome sequencing and genome-wide association studies. Future progress will hinge on identifying functional variants, investigation of pathway and other interactions, and inclusion of phenotypic and ethnic diversity in studies. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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              The use of antiavidin antibody and avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex in immunoperoxidase technics.

              Avidin has an extraordinary affinity for the small-molecule vitamin biotin. Covalently coupling biotin or avidin to peroxidase molecules does not interfere with their normal biochemical functions. The avidin or biotin molecules, either peroxidase conjugated or unconjugated, can be brought to the antigen sites by means of an antiavidin antibody. Several immunohistochemical staining technics based on this principal have been described. The method utilizing an avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex was found to be more sensitive than the unlabeled antibody (PAP) method. This method involved four sequential staining procedures: (1) primary antibody (goat anti-human antigen); (2) secondary antibody (rabbit antigoat IgG) added in relative excess; (3) goat antiavidin antibody; (4) avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex. The applications of this technic are discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ijmorphol
                International Journal of Morphology
                Int. J. Morphol.
                Sociedad Chilena de Anatomía (Temuco, , Chile )
                0717-9502
                September 2018
                : 36
                : 3
                : 991-996
                Affiliations
                [1] orgnameRiga Stradins University orgdiv1Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology Latvia
                Article
                S0717-95022018000300991
                3ea18847-03b2-427d-b2ec-de068b815cd7

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 18 January 2018
                : 22 March 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 33, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Chile


                Nestina,Proteína homeobox DLX-4,Homeobox protein DLX-4,Transcriptor factor SOX3,Nestin,Cleft lip and palate,Factor transcriptor SOX3,Fisura labiopalatina

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