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      A cross-sectional study to identify the determinants of non-communicable diseases among fishermen in Southern India

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          Abstract

          Background

          India is currently facing a rising epidemic of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs). Identification of modifiable risk factors is of paramount importance to curb this menace. Fishermen are one of the most vulnerable occupational groups with unique characteristics that make them prone to acquire NCDs, as a significant share of their life is spent at sea. Hence, this study was planned to ascertain the burden of NCDs, determine various risk factors of NCDs, and measure the association between risk factors and NCDs among fishermen of Coastal Karnataka in South India.

          Methods

          A cross-sectional study was conducted among 681 fishermen aged 18 years and above as per the semi-structured interview schedule for two years (2017–2019). A convenience sampling strategy was adopted. The data was entered and analyzed using SPSS v.15.0. The results were described in terms of proportions and their 95% confidence intervals. Continuous data were summarized using the mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range depending on the skewness of data. Chi-square test was used to study the association between NCDs and modifiable risk factors. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify risk factors of NCDs.

          Results

          The mean (SD) age of the population was 42.5 (SD 12.5) years. The mean years involved in fishing was 19.8 years (SD 10.9). More than half (59.5%) of the study participants had severe stress and most (80.3%) were ever substance users. Advancing age, not being able to contact family while at sea, poor dietary practice, ever substance use, increasing waist circumference were significant correlates of NCDs.

          Conclusions

          The commonly prevalent risk factors of NCDs among fishermen included poor dietary practice, higher stress levels, substance use, increasing waist circumference, and inability to contact with family while at sea. Hypertension and Diabetes were the two common NCDs in the study population. There is a need for immediate attention in managing NCDs’ risk factors by promoting a healthy lifestyle by primary health care providers through a sustainable community awareness program targeting fishermen at a convenient time and location, either at the sea-port or meeting places. Harmful effects of substance use, healthy dietary practices, and the importance of physical activity outside their job need emphasis. In addition, screening programs should be organized with the help of boat owners and fishing associations at-least once a year to pick up NCDs at an early stage.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-10376-w.

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          Most cited references35

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          A Global Measure of Perceived Stress

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            Body Mass Index

            The body mass index (BMI) is the metric currently in use for defining anthropometric height/weight characteristics in adults and for classifying (categorizing) them into groups. The common interpretation is that it represents an index of an individual’s fatness. It also is widely used as a risk factor for the development of or the prevalence of several health issues. In addition, it is widely used in determining public health policies.The BMI has been useful in population-based studies by virtue of its wide acceptance in defining specific categories of body mass as a health issue. However, it is increasingly clear that BMI is a rather poor indicator of percent of body fat. Importantly, the BMI also does not capture information on the mass of fat in different body sites. The latter is related not only to untoward health issues but to social issues as well. Lastly, current evidence indicates there is a wide range of BMIs over which mortality risk is modest, and this is age related. All of these issues are discussed in this brief review.
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              The relationship between COPD and lung cancer

              Highlights • COPD is a risk factor for lung cancer beyond their shared aetiology. • Both are driven by oxidative stress. • Both are linked to cellular aging, senescence and telomere shortening. • Both have been linked to genetic predisposition. • Both show altered epigenetic regulation of gene expression.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                akhila.d@manipal.edu
                kirthinath.ballala@manipal.edu
                sharath.mp@manipal.edu
                asha.kamath@manipal.edu
                murali.kulkarni@manipal.edu
                Journal
                BMC Public Health
                BMC Public Health
                BMC Public Health
                BioMed Central (London )
                1471-2458
                27 February 2021
                27 February 2021
                2021
                : 21
                : 414
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
                [2 ]GRID grid.411639.8, ISNI 0000 0001 0571 5193, Department of General Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, , Manipal Academy of Higher Education, ; Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
                [3 ]GRID grid.411639.8, ISNI 0000 0001 0571 5193, Department of Data Science, Prasanna School of Public Health, , Manipal Academy of Higher Education, ; Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3568-0774
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7460-5342
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2821-3473
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0727-8067
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3588-2165
                Article
                10376
                10.1186/s12889-021-10376-w
                7913403
                33639892
                3ea32641-5e2d-42b5-9e0f-2d797d9226c3
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                : 14 May 2020
                : 3 February 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001411, Indian Council of Medical Research;
                Award ID: No.3/2/June-2017/PG-Thesis-HRD(28)
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: KMC PG Research Grant
                Award ID: -
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Public health
                ncds,fishermen,lifestyle factors,substance use,sdg 3
                Public health
                ncds, fishermen, lifestyle factors, substance use, sdg 3

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