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      Iron Oxide Films Prepared by Rapid Thermal Processing for Solar Energy Conversion

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          Abstract

          Hematite is a promising and extensively investigated material for various photoelectrochemical (PEC) processes for energy conversion and storage, in particular for oxidation reactions. Thermal treatments during synthesis of hematite are found to affect the performance of hematite electrodes considerably. Herein, we present hematite thin films fabricated via one-step oxidation of Fe by rapid thermal processing (RTP). In particular, we investigate the effect of oxidation temperature on the PEC properties of hematite. Films prepared at 750 °C show the highest activity towards water oxidation. These films show the largest average grain size and the highest charge carrier density, as determined from electron microscopy and impedance spectroscopy analysis. We believe that the fast processing enabled by RTP makes this technique a preferred method for investigation of novel materials and architectures, potentially also on nanostructured electrodes, where retaining high surface area is crucial to maximize performance.

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          Solar water splitting: progress using hematite (α-Fe(2) O(3) ) photoelectrodes.

          Kevin Sivula, Florian Le Formal, Michael Grätzel (2011)
          Photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells offer the ability to convert electromagnetic energy from our largest renewable source, the Sun, to stored chemical energy through the splitting of water into molecular oxygen and hydrogen. Hematite (α-Fe(2)O(3)) has emerged as a promising photo-electrode material due to its significant light absorption, chemical stability in aqueous environments, and ample abundance. However, its performance as a water-oxidizing photoanode has been crucially limited by poor optoelectronic properties that lead to both low light harvesting efficiencies and a large requisite overpotential for photoassisted water oxidation. Recently, the application of nanostructuring techniques and advanced interfacial engineering has afforded landmark improvements in the performance of hematite photoanodes. In this review, new insights into the basic material properties, the attractive aspects, and the challenges in using hematite for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting are first examined. Next, recent progress enhancing the photocurrent by precise morphology control and reducing the overpotential with surface treatments are critically detailed and compared. The latest efforts using advanced characterization techniques, particularly electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, are finally presented. These methods help to define the obstacles that remain to be surmounted in order to fully exploit the potential of this promising material for solar energy conversion. Copyright © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
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            The future of energy supply: Challenges and opportunities.

            Nicola Armaroli, Vincenzo Balzani (2007)
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              Photochemical and photoelectrochemical reduction of CO2.

              Bhupendra Kumar, Mark Llorente, Jesse Froehlich … (2012)
              The recent literature on photochemical and photoelectrochemical reductions of CO(2) is reviewed. The different methods of achieving light absorption, electron-hole separation, and electrochemical reduction of CO(2) are considered. Energy gap matching for reduction of CO(2) to different products, including CO, formic acid, and methanol, is used to identify the most promising systems. Different approaches to lowering overpotentials and achieving high chemical selectivities by employing catalysts are described and compared.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Rep
                Title: Scientific Reports
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group
                ISSN (Electronic): 2045-2322
                Publication date (Electronic): 16 January 2017
                Publication date Collection: 2017
                Volume: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: 40500
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology , SE-42196 Göteborg, Sweden
                [2 ]Center for electron nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark , DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
                Author notes
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: srep40500
                DOI: 10.1038/srep40500
                PMC ID: 5238422
                PubMed ID: 28091573
                SO-VID: 3eba7759-715b-4371-9424-ea6ec391e0f6
                Copyright © Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Date received : 06 October 2016
                Date accepted : 07 December 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Article

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