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      Family and social environment associated with traits of antisocial personality disorder in the prison population of Peru Translated title: Entorno familiar y social asociado a rasgos del trastorno de personalidad antisocial en la población penitenciaria del Perú

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          The prison environment in Peru is one of the worst in the continent. In situations such as these, where there is considerable stress, many inmates can develop antisocial disorders, especially if they come from a conflictive family setting.

          Objectives

          To determine the association between family relationships, social environment and features of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) in the Peruvian prison population in 2016.

          Material and method

          Analytical cross-sectional study based on a sub-analysis of the First National Penitentiary Census of Peru in 2016. The sample is the prison population (≥18 years old) that participated in said census, which was carried out in 66 correctional facilities nationwide and reached a coverage of 98.8%.

          Results

          Of the 77,086 prisoners, 76,152 participated in the analysis. The prevalence of antisocial traits was 96% and half of the population met two criteria for the disorder. Independently associated factors were, being male (RPa: 1.35; 1.30-1.40), born outside the capital (RPa: 0.89; 0.88-0, 91), friends in the neighborhood who committed offences (RPa: 1.01; 1.00-1.02) and not living with a father (RPa: 1.00; 1.00-1.01).

          Discussion

          The prevalence of antisocial personality disorder traits in the Peruvian prison population was 96%. We found greater association with the male sex, in those born in Lima and in those who escaped from their home before the age of 15.

          Resumen

          Introducción

          El ambiente carcelario del Perú es tal vez uno de los peores en la región. En estas situaciones de alto estrés, muchos de los internos pueden desarrollar trastornos antisociales, sobre todo, si vienen de un entorno familiar conflictivo.

          Objetivos

          Determinar la asociación entre el entorno familiar/social y los rasgos del trastorno de personalidad antisocial (TPA) en la población penitenciaria peruana.

          Material y método

          Estudio transversal analítico, de análisis secundario del Primer Censo Nacional Penitenciario del Perú en 66 establecimientos penitenciarios a nivel nacional. La muestra es la población penitenciaria (≥18 años) que participó de dicho censo, el cual se realizó en 66 establecimientos penitenciarios a nivel nacional y alcanzó una cobertura del 98,8%.

          Resultados

          De los 77.086 presos, solo 76.152 participaron en el estudio. La prevalencia de rasgos antisociales fue del 96% y la mitad de la población cumplía dos criterios del trastorno. Los factores independientemente asociados fueron: ser hombre (razones de prevalencia ajustadas [RPa]: 1,35; 1,30-1,40); haber nacido fuera de la capital (RPa: 0,89; 0,88-0,91); que los amigos del barrio delinquieran (RPa: 1,01; 1,00-1,02); y que no viviese con su padre (RPa: 1,00;1,00-1,01).

          Discusión

          Los trastornos de personalidad antisocial en los internos de los diferentes penales del Perú alcanzaron el 96% del universo. Los factores más asociados con estos desórdenes fueron: ser hombre, haber nacido en Lima y haber huido de casa antes de los 15 años.

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          Most cited references28

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          Antisocial personality disorder in incarcerated offenders: Psychiatric comorbidity and quality of life.

          We determined the frequency of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) in offenders. We examined demographic characteristics, psychiatric comorbidity, and quality of life in those with and without ASPD. We also looked at the subset with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A random sample of 320 newly incarcerated offenders was assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), the 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), and the Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R). ASPD was present in 113 subjects (35.3%). There was no gender-based prevalence difference. Offenders with ASPD were younger, had a higher suicide risk, and had higher rates of mood, anxiety, substance use, psychotic, somatoform disorders, borderline personality disorder, and ADHD. Quality of life was worse, and their LSI-R scores were higher, indicating a greater risk for recidivism. A subanalysis showed that offenders with ASPD who also had ADHD had a higher suicide risk, higher rates of comorbid disorders, and worse mental health functioning. ASPD is relatively common among both male and female inmates and is associated with comorbid disorders, high suicide risk, and impaired quality of life. Those with comorbid ADHD were more impaired than those without ADHD. ASPD occurs frequently in prison populations and is nearly as common in women as in men. These study findings should contribute to discussions of appropriate and innovative treatment of ASPD in correctional settings.
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            A European approach to rural-urban differences in mental health: the ESEMeD 2000 comparative study.

            The study aimed to answer the following questions: Are there any rural-urban differences in mental health, once sociodemographic variables are controlled for, and are any of these differences observed in EU countries? Did the individuals suffering from mental health disorders have the same characteristics in rural and urban areas, particularly concerning self-reported impairment? The European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD 2000 study) is a cross-sectional, in-person, household interview survey based on probability samples representative of the adult population of 6 European countries: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Spain. The rural population is defined as those living in towns with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants, and the urban population is defined as those living in towns or cities with 10,000 or more inhabitants. A stratified, multistage, random sample without replacement was drawn in each country. The overall response rate of the study was about 61.2% (weighted response rate). The study results confirmed previous findings on the variation in mood disorders between rural and urban areas. Overall, urbanicity seemed to be linked to a higher risk of mental health disorders, particularly depressive disorders, whereas the link to anxiety disorders was only moderate and there was no link at all to alcohol disorders. Country differences concerned male respondents and not female respondents, with the exception of Belgium, where the differences concerned women only (and showed fewer disorders in rural areas). This study will, hopefully, stimulate further intra-European studies using comparable methods and instruments to look at the experience across the European continent and introduce steps to harmonize rural-urban population limits across diverse countries.
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              El papel de la familia en el desarrollo social del niño una mirada desde la afectividad, la comunicación familiar y estilos de educación parental

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Esp Sanid Penit
                Rev Esp Sanid Penit
                sanipe
                Revista Española de Sanidad Penitenciaria
                Sociedad Española de Sanidad Penitenciaria
                1575-0620
                2013-6463
                May-Aug 2021
                03 July 2021
                : 23
                : 2
                : 60-66
                Affiliations
                [1 ] originalSchool of Human Sciences. Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC). Lima. Peru. normalizedUniversidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas orgdiv1School of Human Sciences orgnameUniversidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas Lima, Peru
                [2 ] originalTranslational Medicine Research Centre. Norbert Wiener University. Lima, Peru. normalizedUniversidad Privada Norbert Wiener orgdiv1Translational Medicine Research Centre orgnameNorbert Wiener University Lima, Peru
                Author notes
                [Correspondence: ] Linder Figueroa-Salvador. Dirección: Jr. Soledad 448. Dpto 301. Lince, Lima, Perú. E-mail: pcmelfig@ 123456upc.edu.pe

                Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

                Article
                10.18176/resp.00032
                8592261
                34279533
                3ec53a8d-f4a0-40c2-a75c-04ecc3b4b72c

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

                History
                : 29 March 2020
                : 24 November 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 25, Pages: 07
                Categories
                Original

                antisocial personality disorder,family relations,social environment,prisoners,mental health,trastorno de personalidad antisocial,relaciones familiares,medio social,prisioneros,salud mental

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