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      Oxidatively Modified LDL Suppresses Lymphangiogenesis via CD36 Signaling

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          Abstract

          Arterial accumulation of plasma-derived LDL and its subsequent oxidation contributes to atherosclerosis. Lymphatic vessel (LV)-mediated removal of arterial cholesterol has been shown to reduce atherosclerotic lesion formation. However, the precise mechanisms that regulate LV density and function in atherosclerotic vessels remain to be identified. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of native LDL (nLDL) and oxidized LDL (oxLDL) in modulating lymphangiogenesis and underlying molecular mechanisms. Western blotting and immunostaining experiments demonstrated increased oxLDL expression in human atherosclerotic arteries. Furthermore, elevated oxLDL levels were detected in the adventitial layer, where LV are primarily present. Treatment of human lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) with oxLDL inhibited in vitro tube formation, while nLDL stimulated it. Similar results were observed with Matrigel plug assay in vivo. CD36 deletion in mice and its siRNA-mediated knockdown in LEC prevented oxLDL-induced inhibition of lymphangiogenesis. In addition, oxLDL via CD36 receptor suppressed cell cycle, downregulated AKT and eNOS expression, and increased levels of p27 in LEC. Collectively, these results indicate that oxLDL inhibits lymphangiogenesis via CD36-mediated regulation of AKT/eNOS pathway and cell cycle. These findings suggest that therapeutic blockade of LEC CD36 may promote arterial lymphangiogenesis, leading to increased cholesterol removal from the arterial wall and reduced atherosclerosis.

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          Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease.

          Experimental and clinical data suggest that reducing inflammation without affecting lipid levels may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Yet, the inflammatory hypothesis of atherothrombosis has remained unproved.
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            2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease

            Circulation
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              Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 1. Evidence from genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical studies. A consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel

              Abstract Aims To appraise the clinical and genetic evidence that low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Methods and results We assessed whether the association between LDL and ASCVD fulfils the criteria for causality by evaluating the totality of evidence from genetic studies, prospective epidemiologic cohort studies, Mendelian randomization studies, and randomized trials of LDL-lowering therapies. In clinical studies, plasma LDL burden is usually estimated by determination of plasma LDL cholesterol level (LDL-C). Rare genetic mutations that cause reduced LDL receptor function lead to markedly higher LDL-C and a dose-dependent increase in the risk of ASCVD, whereas rare variants leading to lower LDL-C are associated with a correspondingly lower risk of ASCVD. Separate meta-analyses of over 200 prospective cohort studies, Mendelian randomization studies, and randomized trials including more than 2 million participants with over 20 million person-years of follow-up and over 150 000 cardiovascular events demonstrate a remarkably consistent dose-dependent log-linear association between the absolute magnitude of exposure of the vasculature to LDL-C and the risk of ASCVD; and this effect appears to increase with increasing duration of exposure to LDL-C. Both the naturally randomized genetic studies and the randomized intervention trials consistently demonstrate that any mechanism of lowering plasma LDL particle concentration should reduce the risk of ASCVD events proportional to the absolute reduction in LDL-C and the cumulative duration of exposure to lower LDL-C, provided that the achieved reduction in LDL-C is concordant with the reduction in LDL particle number and that there are no competing deleterious off-target effects. Conclusion Consistent evidence from numerous and multiple different types of clinical and genetic studies unequivocally establishes that LDL causes ASCVD.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Antioxidants (Basel)
                Antioxidants (Basel)
                antioxidants
                Antioxidants
                MDPI
                2076-3921
                23 February 2021
                February 2021
                : 10
                : 2
                : 331
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; hlin@ 123456augusta.edu (H.-P.L.); wahn@ 123456augusta.edu (W.A.)
                [2 ]Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; jwhite3@ 123456augusta.edu
                [3 ]Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: bsingla@ 123456augusta.edu (B.S.); gcsanyi@ 123456augusta.edu (G.C.)
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3136-9543
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9735-8022
                Article
                antioxidants-10-00331
                10.3390/antiox10020331
                7926875
                33672291
                3f0c7bd7-1bd5-435c-b2b6-7e560295da0b
                © 2021 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 23 January 2021
                : 17 February 2021
                Categories
                Article

                oxidized ldl,native ldl,lymphangiogenesis,atherosclerosis,cd36

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