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      Influencia a lo largo de la vida de las circunstancias socioeconómicas, de la inactividad física y de la obesidad sobre la presencia de síndrome metabólico Translated title: Life Socioeconomic Circumstances, Physical Inactivity and Obesity Influences on Metabolic Syndrome

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          Abstract

          Fundamento: La mayoría de los estudios han evaluado el efecto independiente de cada factor de riesgo sobre los distintos componentes del síndrome metabólico. Este estudio examina la influencia de la acumulación de factores de riesgo a lo largo de la vida (circunstancias socioeconómicas, actividad física y obesidad general) sobre el riesgo de síndrome metabólico y sus componentes en la población adulta mayor de España. Métodos: Se han estudiado 4.009 personas representativas de la población española de 60 y más años no institucionalizada. Se ha obtenido una medida de la exposición a lo largo de la vida mediante la combinación de cinco indicadores de riesgo: clase social baja en la infancia baja, nivel de estudios bajo, clase social baja de adulto, inactividad física y obesidad general en la vida adulta. El indicador tiene seis categorías desde la más favorable (0 factores de riesgo) a la más desfavorable (5 factores de riesgo presentes). En este trabajo se consideró que síndrome metabólico fue la presentación simultánea de obesidad abdominal, presión arterial elevada y diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Resultados: La prevalencia de obesidad abdominal osciló entre 74,2% y 95,8% en hombres y entre 87,8% y 99,1% en mujeres, la de presión arterial elevada osciló entre 77,5% y 85,0% en hombres y 75,7% y 88,0% en mujeres, y la de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 varió entre 13,0% y 34,8% en hombres y 7,6% y 25,4% en mujeres. Excepto en la presión arterial elevada y en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en hombres, el incremento fue gradual con el aumento de factores de riesgo. La diferencia absoluta en la prevalencia de síndrome metabólico en los sujetos con el perfil de riesgo más desfavorable a lo largo de su vida, con respecto a la prevalencia en los sujetos con el perfil de riesgo más favorable, fue 22% en hombres y 17% en mujeres. Conclusiones: El riesgo de síndrome metabólico está influenciado por la acumulación de exposiciones socioeconómicas y de conductas de riesgo para la salud a lo largo de la vida. Las prevalencias de obesidad abdominal, de presión arterial elevada y de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 aumentaron progresivamente desde la categoría de riesgo más favorable a la menos favorable, excepto en la presión arterial elevada y en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en hombres.

          Translated abstract

          Background: Majority of the studies have evaluated the independent effect of each risk factor on several component of metabolic syndrome. This study investigates the influence of accumulation of risk factor through life course (socioeconomic circumstances, physical activity and obesity) on the risk of metabolic syndrome and their components in older population in Spain. Methods: We have studied 4009 subjects representative of the Spanish non-institutionalised population aged 60 years and older. We have elaborated a measure of exposure through life course exposure after combining five risk indicators: low childhood social class, low education, low adult social class, physical inactivity and general obesity. The indicator has six categories of risk from the most favourable (0 risk factors) to the least favourable exposure (5 risk factors). Study participants were considered to have metabolic syndrome if they simultaneously had abdominal obesity, raised blood pressure and diabetes mellitus. Results: The prevalence of abdominal obesity fluctuated between 74.2% and 95.8% in men and between 87.8% and 99.1% en women, prevalence of raised blood pressure did between 77.5% and 85.0% in men and 75.7% and 88.0% in women, and prevalence of diabetes mellitus did between 13.0% and 34.8% in men and 7.6% y 25.4% in women. Except for raised blood pressure and diabetes mellitus in men, increase was gradual with the number of risk factors. The absolute difference in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome between people that had the risk indicator profile least favourable and people that had the risk indicator profile most favourable through life course was 22% in men and 17% in women. Conclusions: The risk of metabolic syndrome is influenced in a cumulative fashion by socioeconomic exposures and risk behavioural to health acting throughout the life course. The prevalences of abdominal obesity, of raised blood pressure, and of diabetes mellitus show an ascending gradient from the most favourable categories of risk to the least favourable categories of risk, except for raised blood pressure and diabetes mellitus in men.

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          Life course epidemiology.

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            Cumulative impact of sustained economic hardship on physical, cognitive, psychological, and social functioning.

            Although the relation between low income and poor health is well established, most previous research has measured income at only one time. We used income information collected in 1965, 1974, and 1983 from a representative sample of adults in Alameda County, California, to examine the cumulative effect of economic hardship (defined as a total household income of less than 200 percent of the federal poverty level) on participants who were alive in 1994. Because of missing information, analyses were based on between 1081 and 1124 participants (median age, 65 years in 1994). After adjustment for age and sex, there were significant graded associations between the number of times income was less than 200 percent of the poverty level (range, 0 to 3) and all measures of functioning examined except social isolation. As compared with subjects without economic hardship, those with economic hardship in 1965, 1974, and 1983 were much more likely to have difficulties with independent activities of daily living (such as cooking, shopping, and managing money) (odds ratio, 3.38; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.49 to 7.64), activities of daily living (such as walking, eating, dressing, and using the toilet) (odds ratio, 3.79; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.32 to 9.81), and clinical depression (odds ratio, 3.24; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.32 to 7.89) in 1994. We found little evidence of reverse causation -- that is, that episodes of illness might have caused subsequent economic hardship. Sustained economic hardship leads to poorer physical, psychological, and cognitive functioning.
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              Self-report and medical record report agreement of selected medical conditions in the elderly.

              This study assessed agreement between self- and medical record report of medical conditions in an elderly population. Medical charts of 120 participants in a screening program were abstracted, and the questionnaire report of eight major conditions was compared with the medical record. There was substantial or moderate agreement between self-report and medical record report for each condition, although strength of agreement varied by condition. Self-report by elderly individuals compares favorably with medical record report of medical conditions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                resp
                Revista Española de Salud Pública
                Rev. Esp. Salud Publica
                Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar social (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1135-5727
                2173-9110
                February 2007
                : 81
                : 1
                : 25-31
                Affiliations
                [01] Madrid orgnameUniversidad Complutense de Madrid orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública
                [02] Madrid orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública
                Article
                S1135-57272007000100004 S1135-5727(07)08100100004
                10.1590/s1135-57272007000100004
                3f179f78-f77b-47a7-aa4f-2b98a5f014a4

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 18, Pages: 7
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                SciELO Public Health

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                Originales

                Síndrome metabólico,Raised blood pressure,Metabolic syndrome,Presión arterial elevada,Diabetes mellitus,Obesidad abdominal,Abdominal obesity

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