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      Estudio piloto de la eficacia y de los efectos sobre los gametocitos del esquema artesunato-mefloquina-primaquina para la malaria por Plasmodium falciparum Translated title: Therapeutic efficacy of a regimen of artesunate-mefloquine-primaquine treatment for Plasmodium falciparum malaria and treatment effects on gametocytic development

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          Abstract

          Introducción. El tratamiento de la malaria por P. falciparum requiere de un esquema seguro, eficaz y de impacto en la transmisión. En 2006, se implementó en Antioquia el esquema artesunato-mefloquina y se adicionó primaquina para eliminar los gametocitos. Objetivo. Evaluar la eficacia y acción gametocida de los esquemas artesunato-mefloquina-primaquina y artesunato-mefloquina en pacientes con malaria no complicada por P. falciparum de Turbo, Antioquia. Materiales y métodos. Ensayo clínico aleatorio; los tratamientos se suministraron de forma supervisada y se realizó seguimiento clínico-parasitológico en los días 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, y 42, para evaluar la respuesta según el protocolo OMS-2003 modificado. Resultados. Entre abril de 2007 y febrero de 2008, 50 pacientes fueron reclutados; los resultados mostraron una eficacia de 100% (IC95% 86,3%-100%) para el esquema artesunato-mefloquina (con/sin primaquina); la parasitemia y la fiebre fueron eliminadas completamente al tercer día de tratamiento en todos los pacientes. La eliminación de gametocitos fue mayor con el uso de primaquina; al tercer día de seguimiento, el 92% (IC95% 74%-99%) de los pacientes que recibieron primaquina no tuvieron gametocitos, en comparación con 78,3% (IC95% 59%-93%) de pacientes del grupo artesunato-mefloquina. Además, el esquema artesunato-mefloquina-primaquina eliminó la gametocitemia una semana antes que el esquema sin primaquina. Conclusión. Se recomienda el uso del esquema artesunato-mefloquina para la malaria por P. falciparum por su alta eficacia y se sugieren futuras evaluaciones del beneficio de la PQ en la reducción de la densidad y prevalencia de gametocitos.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction. The treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria requires a safe and effective therapeutic treatment regimen, which in turn has high impact on the transmission. In 2006, an artesunate (AS)-mefloquine (MQ) treatment program was implemented in Antioquia. In addition, primaquine (PQ) was added to eliminate malaria gametocytes in the bloodstream. Objective. The efficacy and gametocytocidal activity was evaluated for two treatment regimens, AS-MQ-PQ and AS-MQ, in patients with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria. Materials and methods. Between April 2007 and February 2008, 50 patients were recruited for the trial in Turbo, Antioquia. A randomized clinical trial was conducted. Treatment compliance was supervised, with a clinical and parasitological assessment on days 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 to evaluate response rate according to the WHO 2003 protocol. Results. Clinical response and parasite elimination efficacy of AS-MQ (with or without PQ) was 100% (95% CI 86.3%-100%), and parasitemia and fever were absent on day 3 of treatment in all patients. Gametocyte elimination was superior when PQ was used--92% (95% CI: 74%-99%) of patients who received PQ had no gametocytes on day 3, compared to 78.3% (95% CI: 59%-93%) of patients who only received AS-MQ. Furthermore, circulating gametocytes were eliminated on average one week faster when the AS-MQ-PQ treatment scheme was used compared to the scheme without PQ. Conclusion. These studies recommend the use of AS-MQ to treat P. falciparum malaria given its good therapeutic efficacy. However, further assessment is suggested concerning the benefit of adding PQ to this treatment scheme.

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          Most cited references55

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          Sample size calculations in studies of test accuracy.

          Methods for determining sample size for studies of the accuracy of diagnostic tests are reviewed. Several accuracy indices are considered, including sensitivity and specificity, the full and partial area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, the sensitivity at a fixed false positive rate, and the likelihood ratio. Sample size formulae are presented for studies evaluating a single test and studies comparing the accuracy of tests. Four real examples illustrate the concepts involved in sample size determination. Lastly, various study design issues are discussed, such as sampling methods, choices in format for the test results, and the issue of replicated readings.
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            Primaquine Clears Submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum Gametocytes that Persist after Treatment with Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine and Artesunate

            Background P. falciparum gametocytes may persist after treatment with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) plus artesunate (AS) and contribute considerably to malaria transmission. We determined the efficacy of SP+AS plus a single dose of primaquine (PQ, 0.75 mg/kg) on clearing gametocytaemia measured by molecular methods. Methodology The study was conducted in Mnyuzi, an area of hyperendemic malaria in north-eastern Tanzania. Children aged 3–15 years with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria with an asexual parasite density between 500–100,000 parasites/µL were randomized to receive treatment with either SP+AS or SP+AS+PQ. P. falciparum gametocyte prevalence and density during the 42-day follow-up period were determined by real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (QT-NASBA). Haemoglobin levels (Hb) were determined to address concerns about haemolysis in G6PD-deficient individuals. Results 108 individuals were randomized. Pfs25 QT-NASBA gametocyte prevalence was 88–91% at enrolment and decreased afterwards for both treatment arms. Gametocyte prevalence and density were significantly lower in children treated with SP+AS+PQ. On day 14 after treatment 3.9% (2/51) of the SP+AS+PQ treated children harboured gametocytes compared to 62.7% (32/51) of those treated with SP+AS (p<0.001). Hb levels were reduced in the week following treatment with SP+AS+PQ and this reduction was related to G6PD deficiency. The Hb levels of all patients recovered to pre-treatment levels or greater within one month after treatment. Conclusions PQ clears submicroscopic gametocytes after treatment with SP+AS and the persisting gametocytes circulated at densities that are unlikely to contribute to malaria transmission. For individuals without severe anaemia, addition of a single dose of PQ to an efficacious antimalarial drug combination is a safe approach to reduce malaria transmission following treatment. Trial Registration Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN61534963
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              Surveillance of the efficacy of artesunate and mefloquine combination for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Cambodia.

              Artesunate and mefloquine combination treatment has been used since 2000 in Cambodia as the first-line drug for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. In order to assess its efficacy and safety, the national malaria control programme conducted 14 therapeutic efficacy studies with the drug combination between 2001 and 2004 at nine sites. In 2001 and 2002, co-blister packs of artesunate and mefloquine were used, whereas in 2003 and 2004, drugs were given individually from a bulk pack at a total dose of 12 mg/kg of artesunate and 25 mg/kg of mefloquine over 3 days. A total of 1025 patients were enrolled over the 4 years and 977 were follow-up during the period of 28 days. The PCR-corrected cure rates ranged from 85.7% to 100% with an overall cure rate of 95.8% (920/960). The studies in 2002 showed also that co-blister packs used on the basis of age and not on the basis of weight could lead to underdosed regimens but without any detectable effect on the treatment outcome. The follow-up period was extended from 28 to 42 days in three sites in 2004. A total of 219 among 255 were follow-up until day 42. The cure rate decreased but not significantly from 90.1% (73/81) with 28 days follow-up to 79.3% (46/58) with 42 days follow-up in Pailin, whereas the cure rate remained at 100% in the two other sites. Side effects were common, especially dizziness, but were mild and transient and patients recovered without any medical intervention.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bio
                Biomédica
                Biomédica
                Instituto Nacional de Salud (Bogotá )
                0120-4157
                June 2009
                : 29
                : 2
                : 307-319
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad de Antioquia Colombia
                Article
                S0120-41572009000200015
                3f3aadc2-7118-44e1-8c5f-fc0edfd41ad8

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0120-4157&lng=en
                Categories
                TROPICAL MEDICINE

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                P. falciparum,malaria,artesunate,mefloquine,primaquine,treatment outcome,Plasmodium falciparum,artesunato,mefloquina,primaquina,resultado del tratamiento

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