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      Gender-based pairings influence cooperative expectations and behaviours

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      1 , 2 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 2 ,
      Scientific Reports
      Nature Publishing Group UK
      Human behaviour, Statistics

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          Abstract

          The study explores the expectations and cooperative behaviours of men and women in a lab-in-the-field experiment by means of citizen science practices in the public space. It specifically examines the influence of gender-based pairings on the decisions to cooperate or defect in a framed and discrete Prisoner’s Dilemma game after visual contact. Overall, we found that when gender is considered behavioural differences emerge in expectations of cooperation, cooperative behaviours, and their decision time depending on whom the partner is. Men pairs are the ones with the lowest expectations and cooperation rates. After visual contact women infer men’s behaviour with the highest accuracy. Also, women take significantly more time to defect than to cooperate, compared to men. Finally, when the interacting partners have the opposite gender they expect significantly more cooperation and they achieve the best collective outcome. Together, the findings suggest that non verbal signals may influence men and women differently, offering novel interpretations to the context-dependence of gender differences in social decision tasks.

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          Understanding and sharing intentions: the origins of cultural cognition.

          We propose that the crucial difference between human cognition and that of other species is the ability to participate with others in collaborative activities with shared goals and intentions: shared intentionality. Participation in such activities requires not only especially powerful forms of intention reading and cultural learning, but also a unique motivation to share psychological states with others and unique forms of cognitive representation for doing so. The result of participating in these activities is species-unique forms of cultural cognition and evolution, enabling everything from the creation and use of linguistic symbols to the construction of social norms and individual beliefs to the establishment of social institutions. In support of this proposal we argue and present evidence that great apes (and some children with autism) understand the basics of intentional action, but they still do not participate in activities involving joint intentions and attention (shared intentionality). Human children's skills of shared intentionality develop gradually during the first 14 months of life as two ontogenetic pathways intertwine: (1) the general ape line of understanding others as animate, goal-directed, and intentional agents; and (2) a species-unique motivation to share emotions, experience, and activities with other persons. The developmental outcome is children's ability to construct dialogic cognitive representations, which enable them to participate in earnest in the collectivity that is human cognition.
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            The generalisation of student's problems when several different population variances are involved.

            B L WELCH (1947)
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              Social heuristics shape intuitive cooperation.

              Cooperation is central to human societies. Yet relatively little is known about the cognitive underpinnings of cooperative decision making. Does cooperation require deliberate self-restraint? Or is spontaneous prosociality reined in by calculating self-interest? Here we present a theory of why (and for whom) intuition favors cooperation: cooperation is typically advantageous in everyday life, leading to the formation of generalized cooperative intuitions. Deliberation, by contrast, adjusts behaviour towards the optimum for a given situation. Thus, in one-shot anonymous interactions where selfishness is optimal, intuitive responses tend to be more cooperative than deliberative responses. We test this 'social heuristics hypothesis' by aggregating across every cooperation experiment using time pressure that we conducted over a 2-year period (15 studies and 6,910 decisions), as well as performing a novel time pressure experiment. Doing so demonstrates a positive average effect of time pressure on cooperation. We also find substantial variation in this effect, and show that this variation is partly explained by previous experience with one-shot lab experiments.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                josep.perello@ub.edu
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                23 January 2020
                23 January 2020
                2020
                : 10
                : 1041
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0247, GRID grid.5841.8, OpenSystems Research Group, Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, , Universitat de Barcelona, ; Barcelona, 08028 Spain
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0247, GRID grid.5841.8, Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems UBICS, ; Barcelona, 08028 Spain
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9328-8589
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0643-0469
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8533-6539
                Article
                57749
                10.1038/s41598-020-57749-6
                6978365
                31974477
                3f977dd7-62ce-4ac8-ade2-cd5a5811ac41
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 8 August 2019
                : 31 December 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100003329, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness);
                Award ID: FIS2016-78904-C3-2-P
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100002809, Generalitat de Catalunya (Government of Catalonia);
                Award ID: 2017 SGR 608
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100002943, Departament d'Innovació, Universitats i Empresa, Generalitat de Catalunya (Department of Innovation, Education and Enterprise, Government of Catalonia);
                Award ID: 2017 SGR 608
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100010198, Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de España (Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad);
                Award ID: FIS2016-78904-C3-2-P
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
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                © The Author(s) 2020

                Uncategorized
                human behaviour,statistics
                Uncategorized
                human behaviour, statistics

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