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      A current affair: electrotherapy in wound healing

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          Abstract

          New developments in accelerating wound healing can have immense beneficial socioeconomic impact. The wound healing process is a highly orchestrated series of mechanisms where a multitude of cells and biological cascades are involved. The skin battery and current of injury mechanisms have become topics of interest for their influence in chronic wounds. Electrostimulation therapy of wounds has shown to be a promising treatment option with no-device-related adverse effects. This review presents an overview of the understanding and use of applied electrical current in various aspects of wound healing. Rapid clinical translation of the evolving understanding of biomolecular mechanisms underlying the effects of electrical simulation on wound healing would positively impact upon enhancing patient’s quality of life.

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          Electrical signals control wound healing through phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase-gamma and PTEN.

          Min Zhao, Bing Song, Jin Pu … (2006)
          Wound healing is essential for maintaining the integrity of multicellular organisms. In every species studied, disruption of an epithelial layer instantaneously generates endogenous electric fields, which have been proposed to be important in wound healing. The identity of signalling pathways that guide both cell migration to electric cues and electric-field-induced wound healing have not been elucidated at a genetic level. Here we show that electric fields, of a strength equal to those detected endogenously, direct cell migration during wound healing as a prime directional cue. Manipulation of endogenous wound electric fields affects wound healing in vivo. Electric stimulation triggers activation of Src and inositol-phospholipid signalling, which polarizes in the direction of cell migration. Notably, genetic disruption of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase-gamma (PI(3)Kgamma) decreases electric-field-induced signalling and abolishes directed movements of healing epithelium in response to electric signals. Deletion of the tumour suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) enhances signalling and electrotactic responses. These data identify genes essential for electrical-signal-induced wound healing and show that PI(3)Kgamma and PTEN control electrotaxis.
          Article 0 comments Cited 274 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Human skin based triboelectric nanogenerators for harvesting biomechanical energy and as self-powered active tactile sensor system.

            Chenguo Hu, Y Su, H. Zhang … (2013)
            We report human skin based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) that can either harvest biomechanical energy or be utilized as a self-powered tactile sensor system for touch pad technology. We constructed a TENG utilizing the contact/separation between an area of human skin and a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film with a surface of micropyramid structures, which was attached to an ITO electrode that was grounded across a loading resistor. The fabricated TENG delivers an open-circuit voltage up to -1000 V, a short-circuit current density of 8 mA/m(2), and a power density of 500 mW/m(2) on a load of 100 MΩ, which can be used to directly drive tens of green light-emitting diodes. The working mechanism of the TENG is based on the charge transfer between the ITO electrode and ground via modulating the separation distance between the tribo-charged skin patch and PDMS film. Furthermore, the TENG has been used in designing an independently addressed matrix for tracking the location and pressure of human touch. The fabricated matrix has demonstrated its self-powered and high-resolution tactile sensing capabilities by recording the output voltage signals as a mapping figure, where the detection sensitivity of the pressure is about 0.29 ± 0.02 V/kPa and each pixel can have a size of 3 mm × 3 mm. The TENGs may have potential applications in human-machine interfacing, micro/nano-electromechanical systems, and touch pad technology.
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              Drug release from electric-field-responsive nanoparticles.

              Xue-Jun Ge, Evgenios Neofytou, Thomas J. Cahill … (2012)
              We describe a new temperature and electric field dual-stimulus responsive nanoparticle system for programmed drug delivery. Nanoparticles of a conducting polymer (polypyrrole) are loaded with therapeutic pharmaceuticals and are subcutaneously localized in vivo with the assistance of a temperature-sensitive hydrogel (PLGA-PEG-PLGA). We have shown that drug release from the conductive nanoparticles is controlled by the application of a weak, external DC electric field. This approach represents a novel interactive drug delivery system that can show an externally tailored release profile with an excellent spatial, temporal, and dosage control.
              Article 0 comments Cited 111 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Multidiscip Healthc
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Multidiscip Healthc
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare
                Title: Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare
                Publisher: Dove Medical Press
                ISSN (Electronic): 1178-2390
                Publication date Collection: 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 April 2017
                Volume: 10
                Pages: 179-194
                Affiliations
                UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Achala de Mel, UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, Pond Street, London, NW3 2QG, UK, Tel +44 20 7435 4608, Email demelach@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: jmdh-10-179
                DOI: 10.2147/JMDH.S127207
                PMC ID: 5404801
                PubMed ID: 28461755
                SO-VID: 3f9f9848-3a3e-419c-9993-a0e7257c7a9e
                Copyright © © 2017 Hunckler and de Mel. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited
                License:

                The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

                History
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: electrotherapy,wound healing,infection,bioelectric current,exogenous current,bioelectric medicine,electrical stimulation,chronic wound,acute wound
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: electrotherapy, wound healing, infection, bioelectric current, exogenous current, bioelectric medicine, electrical stimulation, chronic wound, acute wound

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