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      Actividad antioxidante y antiinflamatoria in vitro de extractos de chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Mill.) I.M. Johnst) Translated title: In vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of chaya extracts (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Mill.) I.M. Johnst)

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción: las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT) son la principal causa de muerte en todo el mundo. Los metabolitos secundarios provenientes de fuentes vegetales como Cnidoscolus aconitifolius pueden usarse como coadyuvante en la prevención de las enfermedades relacionadas con el estrés oxidativo y la inflamación, tales como las ECNT. Objetivo: se evaluó la actividad antioxidante y antiinflamatoria in vitro de los compuestos biológicamente activos de extractos de C. aconitifolius. Métodos: se determinó el contenido de fenoles, flavonoides, flavanonas e hidroflavonoles. El potencial antioxidante se determinó con los ensayos de 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazilo (DPPH), ácido 2,2’-azinobis (3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfónico) (ABTS) y la actividad inhibitoria de la enzima convertidora de la angiotensina (ACE). Para la actividad antiinflamatoria se utilizaron la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) cuantitativa en tiempo real y el ensayo por inmunoabsorción ligado a enzimas (ELISA) en macrófagos diferenciados de monocitos THP-1 y estimulados con lipopolisacárido (LPS). Resultados: el extracto acuoso registró el mayor contenido de fenoles (70,61 ± 0,07 g/100 g de extracto) y el extracto etanólico registró el mayor contenido de flavonoides (47,76 ± 4,84 g/100 g de extracto), flavanonas y dihidroflavonoles (70,10 ± 7,29 g/100 g de extracto). El extracto acetónico registró la mayor inhibición del radical DPPH (49,85 ± 5,30 %) mientras que el etanólico presentó la mayor inhibición del radical ABTS (41,01 ± 3,81 %). Los extractos etanólico y acuoso inhibieron la ECA. El extracto etanólico tuvo la mayor actividad antiinflamatoria al reducir la expresión génica de TNF-α en un 39,78 % y la de IL-6 en un 97,81 %, y su producción en un 46 % y un 48,38 %, respectivamente. Conclusiones: los extractos mostraron in vitro su potencial antioxidante y antiinflamatorio por su contenido en compuestos bioactivos.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction: noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the main cause of death worldwide. Secondary metabolites from plant sources such as Cnidoscolus aconitifolius may be used as adjuvants in the prevention of diseases related to oxidative stress and inflammation such as NCDs. Objective: the in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities associated with biologically active compounds in C. aconitifolius extracts were evaluated. Methods: the contents of phenols, flavonoids, flavonones and hydroflavonoles were determined. The potential antioxidant activity was determined with 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity. For anti-inflammatory activity quantitative PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests were used in macrophages derived from THP-1 monocytes and stimulated with LPS. Results: the aqueous extract recorded the highest phenolic content (70.61 ± 0.07 g/100 g of extract), and the ethanolic extract registered the highest content in flavonoids (47.76 ± 4.84 g/100 g of extract), flavonones and dihydroflavonoles (70.10 ± 7.29 g/100 g of extract). The acetone extract obtained the highest DPPH inhibition (49.85 ± 5.30 %), while the ethanolic extract showed the highest ABTS inhibition (41.01 ± 3.81 %). The etanolic and aqueous extracts had the highest ACE inhibition. The ethanolic extract had the highest anti-inflammatory activity, decreasing gene expression for TNF-α by 39.78 % and for IL-6 by 97.81 %, and their production by 46 % and 48.38 %, respectively, in macrophages stimulated with LPS. Conclusions: these extracts demonstrated in vitro their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential due to their content of bioactive compounds.

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          Antioxidants prevent health-promoting effects of physical exercise in humans.

          Exercise promotes longevity and ameliorates type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance. However, exercise also increases mitochondrial formation of presumably harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS). Antioxidants are widely used as supplements but whether they affect the health-promoting effects of exercise is unknown. We evaluated the effects of a combination of vitamin C (1000 mg/day) and vitamin E (400 IU/day) on insulin sensitivity as measured by glucose infusion rates (GIR) during a hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp in previously untrained (n = 19) and pretrained (n = 20) healthy young men. Before and after a 4 week intervention of physical exercise, GIR was determined, and muscle biopsies for gene expression analyses as well as plasma samples were obtained to compare changes over baseline and potential influences of vitamins on exercise effects. Exercise increased parameters of insulin sensitivity (GIR and plasma adiponectin) only in the absence of antioxidants in both previously untrained (P < 0.001) and pretrained (P < 0.001) individuals. This was paralleled by increased expression of ROS-sensitive transcriptional regulators of insulin sensitivity and ROS defense capacity, peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), and PPARgamma coactivators PGC1alpha and PGC1beta only in the absence of antioxidants (P < 0.001 for all). Molecular mediators of endogenous ROS defense (superoxide dismutases 1 and 2; glutathione peroxidase) were also induced by exercise, and this effect too was blocked by antioxidant supplementation. Consistent with the concept of mitohormesis, exercise-induced oxidative stress ameliorates insulin resistance and causes an adaptive response promoting endogenous antioxidant defense capacity. Supplementation with antioxidants may preclude these health-promoting effects of exercise in humans.
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            Anti-inflammatory effects of phytochemicals from fruits, vegetables, and food legumes: A review.

            Inflammation is the first biological response of the immune system to infection, injury or irritation. Evidence suggests that the anti-inflammatory effect is mediated through the regulation of various inflammatory cytokines, such as nitric oxide, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor alpha-α, interferon gamma-γ as well as noncytokine mediator, prostaglandin E2. Fruits, vegetables, and food legumes contain high levels of phytochemicals that show anti-inflammatory effect, but their mechanisms of actions have not been completely identified. The aim of this paper was to summarize the recent investigations and findings regarding in vitro and animal model studies on the anti-inflammatory effects of fruits, vegetables, and food legumes. Specific cytokines released for specific type of physiological event might shed some light on the specific use of each source of phytochemicals that can benefit to counter the inflammatory response. As natural modulators of proinflammatory gene expressions, phytochemical from fruits, vegetables, and food legumes could be incorporated into novel bioactive anti-inflammatory formulations of various nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. Finally, these phytochemicals are discussed as the natural promotion strategy for the improvement of human health status. The phenolics and triterpenoids in fruits and vegetables showed higher anti-inflammatory activity than other compounds. In food legumes, lectins and peptides had anti-inflammatory activity in most cases. However, there are lack of human study data on the anti-inflammatory activity of phytochemicals from fruits, vegetables, and food legumes.
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              Cocoa has more phenolic phytochemicals and a higher antioxidant capacity than teas and red wine.

              Black tea, green tea, red wine, and cocoa are high in phenolic phytochemicals, among which theaflavin, epigallocatechin gallate, resveratrol, and procyanidin, respectively, have been extensively investigated due to their possible role as chemopreventive agents based on their antioxidant capacities. The present study compared the phenolic and flavonoid contents and total antioxidant capacities of cocoa, black tea, green tea, and red wine. Cocoa contained much higher levels of total phenolics (611 mg of gallic acid equivalents, GAE) and flavonoids (564 mg of epicatechin equivalents, ECE) per serving than black tea (124 mg of GAE and 34 mg of ECE, respectively), green tea (165 mg of GAE and 47 mg of ECE), and red wine (340 mg of GAE and 163 mg of ECE). Total antioxidant activities were measured using the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays and are expressed as vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacities (VCEACs). Cocoa exhibited the highest antioxidant activity among the samples in ABTS and DPPH assays, with VCEACs of 1128 and 836 mg/serving, respectively. The relative total antioxidant capacities of the samples in both assays were as follows in decreasing order: cocoa > red wine > green tea > black tea. The total antioxidant capacities from ABTS and DPPH assays were highly correlated with phenolic content (r2 = 0.981 and 0.967, respectively) and flavonoid content (r2 = 0.949 and 0.915). These results suggest that cocoa is more beneficial to health than teas and red wine in terms of its higher antioxidant capacity.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                February 2020
                : 37
                : 1
                : 46-55
                Affiliations
                [2] Sevilla Andalucía orgnameUniversidad Pablo de Olavide orgdiv1Instituto de la Grasa orgdiv2Unidad de Biología Celular Spain
                [1] Mérida Yucatán orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de Yucatán orgdiv1Campus de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías orgdiv2Facultad de Ingeniería Química Mexico
                [3] Mérida Yucatán orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de Yucatán orgdiv1Campus de Ciencias de la Salud orgdiv2Facultad de Química Mexico
                Article
                S0212-16112020000100008 S0212-1611(20)03700100008
                10.20960/nh.02752
                31825233
                3fbd89b1-e364-479c-ac17-e2da899d9715

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 01 October 2019
                : 20 June 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 37, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Trabajos Originales

                Extractos,Extracts,Antiinflamatorios,Antioxidantes,Antioxidant,Anti-inflammatory,C. aconitifolius

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