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      Smile analysis in different facial patterns and its correlation with underlying hard tissues

      research-article
      , , ,
      Progress in Orthodontics
      Springer Berlin Heidelberg

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          Abstract

          Background

          The subject’s inherent growth pattern can be an effective factor in characteristics of smile. More vertical growth in the posterior maxilla than in the anterior maxilla could result in a changed relationship between the occlusal plane and the curvature of the lower lip upon smile. In order to broaden the understanding of how smile gets affected by growth pattern and the underlying hard tissues, the present study was undertaken to compare smile in various growth patterns, to determine sexual dimorphism, if any; as well as to correlate smile with underlying hard tissues.

          Methods

          One hundred and fifty subjects were selected amongst the students in the Dental Institute and from the outpatient department of Department Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. Sample selected for the study ranged in the age group of 17 to 25 years. Selected individuals were subjected to lateral head cephalometric radiography in the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology and videography. Cephalograms were traced and the subjects were divided into horizontal, average, and vertical growth pattern on the basis of GoGn-SN, lower anterior facial height, and Jaraback’s ratio. The video clip was downloaded to obtain frame of posed smile. Cephalometric and photographic measurements were recorded and subjected to statistical analysis.

          Results

          The mean values of smile parameters were significantly higher in males as compared to females irrespective of the growth pattern. The mean incisal display, interlabial gap, lower lip to incisal edge distance, upper vertical lip length, and occlusal plane angle was highest in both males and females of vertical facial growth pattern group; whereas, the smile index, posterior corridor (left and right) were less in vertical facial growth pattern group in both males and females. Thus, the parameters in vertical dimension were increased in vertical growers whereas, the parameters in transverse dimension decreased.

          Conclusions

          The facial growth pattern has significant influence on the parameters of smile along with definite sexual dimorphism. The angular and linear parameters, except saddle angle and lower incisor to NB (linear and angular), influenced smile.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40510-015-0099-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Most cited references27

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          The importance of incisor positioning in the esthetic smile: the smile arc.

          D Sarver (2001)
          The smile arc is defined as the relationship of the curvature of the incisal edges of the maxillary incisors and canines to the curvature of the lower lip in the posed smile. The ideal smile arc has the maxillary incisal edge curvature parallel to the curvature of the lower lip. Evaluation of anterior smile esthetics must include both static and dynamic evaluations of profile, frontal, and 45 degrees views to optimize both dental and facial appearance in orthodontic planning and treatment. This article presents the concept of the smile arc and how it relates to orthodontics-from the recognition of its importance, to its impact on orthodontic treatment planning, to how procedures and mechanics are adapted to optimize the appearance of the smile. Three cases are used to illustrate how treatment is directed, emphasizing how facial and smile goal setting go hand in hand.
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            Some esthetic factors in a smile.

            A survey of the characteristics of an open smile was conducted with 454 full-face photographs of randomly selected dental and dental hygiene students. Findings show that an average smile exhibits approximately the full length of the maxillary anterior teeth, has the incisal curve of the teeth parallel to the inner curvature of the lower lip, has the incisal curve of the maxillary anterior teeth touching slightly or missing slightly the lower lip, and displays the six upper anterior teeth and premolars. Consideration of the characteristics may be useful in improving the esthetics of restorations.
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              • Article: not found

              The gingival smile line.

              A comparative study was performed to examine the nature of the gingival smile line (GSL), a specific dentolabial configuration characterized by the exposure of maxillary anterior gingiva during a full smile. Five soft-tissue, three dental and three skeletal variables were selected, measured and reported for a GSL sample (n = 27) and a reference sample (n = 88), both consisting of North American white orthodontic patients with a median age of 14.4 years. The results indicated that the capacity to project a gingival smile was related to: anterior vertical maxillary excess and the muscular ability to raise the upper lip significantly higher than average when smiling. Other variables significantly associated with GSL were greater overjet, greater interlabial gap at rest, and greater overbite. Factors that did not appear associated with the GSL phenomenon were upper-lip length, incisor clinical crown height, mandibular plane angle, and palatal plane angle. Clinical aspects of GSL were discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Ortho.neha@gmail.com
                devndranath.kapoor@facebook.com
                Pretty.dr@gmail.com
                Journal
                Prog Orthod
                Prog Orthod
                Progress in Orthodontics
                Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                1723-7785
                2196-1042
                4 September 2015
                4 September 2015
                2015
                : 16
                : 28
                Affiliations
                [ ]Nora Medical Polyclinics, Tower 4. Marks and Spencer Building, No. 106, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
                [ ]Department of Orthodontics, Kothiwal Dental College & Former Dean of Dental Faculty, KGMU, Lucknow, UP India
                [ ]Department of Orthodontics, Kothiwal Dental College & Research Centre, Moradabad, UP India
                [ ]Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, KD Dental College & Hospital, Mathura, UP India
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7109-7298
                Article
                99
                10.1186/s40510-015-0099-4
                4560731
                26341345
                4005f5b5-f564-4566-ade4-94eb00ee73d8
                © Grover et al. 2015

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                : 19 April 2015
                : 14 August 2015
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                Research
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                © The Author(s) 2015

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