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      Oxidative discolouration in whole-head and cut lettuce: biochemical and environmental influences on a complex phenotype and potential breeding strategies to improve shelf-life

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          Abstract

          Lettuce discolouration is a key post-harvest trait. The major enzyme controlling oxidative discolouration has long been considered to be polyphenol oxidase (PPO) however, levels of PPO and subsequent development of discolouration symptoms have not always correlated. The predominance of a latent state of the enzyme in plant tissues combined with substrate activation and contemporaneous suicide inactivation mechanisms are considered as potential explanations for this phenomenon. Leaf tissue physical properties have been associated with subsequent discolouration and these may be influenced by variation in nutrient availability, especially excess nitrogen and head maturity at harvest. Mild calcium and irrigation stress has also been associated with a reduction in subsequent discolouration, although excess irrigation has been linked to increased discolouration potentially through leaf physical properties. These environmental factors, including high temperature and UV light intensities, often have impacts on levels of phenolic compounds linking the environmental responses to the biochemistry of the PPO pathway. Breeding strategies targeting the PAL and PPO pathway biochemistry and environmental response genes are discussed as a more cost-effective method of mitigating oxidative discolouration then either modified atmosphere packaging or post-harvest treatments, although current understanding of the biochemistry means that such programs are likely to be limited in nature and it is likely that they will need to be deployed alongside other methods for the foreseeable future.

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          Marker-assisted selection: an approach for precision plant breeding in the twenty-first century.

          DNA markers have enormous potential to improve the efficiency and precision of conventional plant breeding via marker-assisted selection (MAS). The large number of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) mapping studies for diverse crops species have provided an abundance of DNA marker-trait associations. In this review, we present an overview of the advantages of MAS and its most widely used applications in plant breeding, providing examples from cereal crops. We also consider reasons why MAS has had only a small impact on plant breeding so far and suggest ways in which the potential of MAS can be realized. Finally, we discuss reasons why the greater adoption of MAS in the future is inevitable, although the extent of its use will depend on available resources, especially for orphan crops, and may be delayed in less-developed countries. Achieving a substantial impact on crop improvement by MAS represents the great challenge for agricultural scientists in the next few decades.
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            Multicopper Oxidases and Oxygenases.

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              Biological interactions between polysaccharides and divalent cations: The egg-box model

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                phunter@harper-adams.ac.uk
                Journal
                Euphytica
                Euphytica
                Euphytica
                Springer Netherlands (Dordrecht )
                0014-2336
                1573-5060
                18 July 2017
                18 July 2017
                2017
                : 213
                : 8
                : 180
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2167 3798, GRID grid.417899.a, Harper Adams University, ; Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB UK
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0641 1978, GRID grid.422284.a, Monsanto UK Ltd, ; Cambridge, CB23 6DW UK
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0457 9566, GRID grid.9435.b, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, , University of Reading, ; Whiteknights, PO Box 226, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AH UK
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0000 8809 1613, GRID grid.7372.1, School of Life Sciences, , University of Warwick, ; Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2530-9691
                Article
                1964
                10.1007/s10681-017-1964-7
                6979504
                4010cebb-7eee-41e7-bb62-df1796e61d49
                © The Author(s) 2017

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                : 13 January 2017
                : 8 July 2017
                Funding
                Funded by: BBSRC
                Award ID: BB/M017745/1
                Award Recipient :
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                Custom metadata
                © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2017

                lettuce,discolouration,biochemistry,environment,polyphenols,phenylpropanoid pathway,review

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