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      Brain Mediation of Anolis Social Dominance Displays

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          Abstract

          Ritualistic displays of aggressive intent are important social signals, often obviating physically dangerous engagement. To date, however, brain regions mediating such behaviors are not established. Here we used male Anolis carolinensis together with an in vivo <sup>14</sup>C-2-deoxyglucose method to determine patterns of brain activation during elicitation of this animal’s dominance displays vs. other behaviors. By patching one eye regional brain activation in the hemisphere receiving display-evocative visual stimuli (‘seeing’ side) was compared to activity in the contralateral brain that did not see specific stimuli (‘patched’ side); this was quantitated as the ratio of seeing/patched activity for brain regions of interest. Lone males displaying dominantly to mirrors activated dorsolateral basal ganglia (BG) in the seeing, compared to the patched hemisphere; this was not seen in various non-displaying controls. Degree of dorsolateral BG activation also correlated with a measure of dominant display activity, but not with locomotion. In socially stable pairs, displaying dominants showed similar activation of dorsolateral BG, but deactivated ventromedial BG; non-dominant cagemates displaying submissively had the opposite pattern. When cohabiting peacefully without displaying, paired dominants’ and subordinates’ brain activity patterns were similar to each other. Thus, different BG subsystems seem involved in dominant vs. submissive display behaviors. Given similarities in both social displays and BG organization, homologous brain systems might have similar functions in members of other amniote classes, including primates.

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          Most cited references13

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          Positron emission tomography provides molecular imaging of biological processes.

          M Phelps (2000)
          Diseases are biological processes, and molecular imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) is sensitive to and informative of these processes. This is illustrated by detection of biological abnormalities in neurological disorders with no computed tomography or MRI anatomic changes, as well as even before symptoms are expressed. PET whole body imaging in cancer provides the means to (i) identify early disease, (ii) differentiate benign from malignant lesions, (iii) examine all organs for metastases, and (iv) determine therapeutic effectiveness. Diagnostic accuracy of PET is 8-43% higher than conventional procedures and changes treatment in 20-40% of the patients, depending on the clinical question, in lung and colorectal cancers, melanoma, and lymphoma, with similar findings in breast, ovarian, head and neck, and renal cancers. A microPET scanner for mice, in concert with human PET systems, provides a novel technology for molecular imaging assays of metabolism and signal transduction to gene expression, from mice to patients: e.g., PET reporter gene assays are used to trace the location and temporal level of expression of therapeutic and endogenous genes. PET probes and drugs are being developed together-in low mass amounts, as molecular imaging probes to image the function of targets without disturbing them, and in mass amounts to modify the target's function as a drug. Molecular imaging by PET, optical technologies, magnetic resonance imaging, single photon emission tomography, and other technologies are assisting in moving research findings from in vitro biology to in vivo integrative mammalian biology of disease.
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            The organization of the basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits: open interconnected rather than closed segregated.

            Anatomical findings in primates and rodents have led to a description of several parallel segregated basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits leading from a distinct frontocortical area, via separate regions in the basal ganglia and the thalamus, back to the frontocortical area from which the circuit originates. One of the questions raised by the concept of parallelism is whether and how the different circuits interact. The present Commentary proposes that interaction is inherent in the neural architecture of the basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits. This proposal is based on the re-examination of the data on the topographical organization of the frontocortical-basal ganglia connections which indicates that each circuit-engaged striatal region sends divergent projections to parts of both substantia nigra pars reticulata and the internal segment of the globus pallidus (each ventral striatal region sends divergent projections to parts of ventral pallidum, substantia nigra pars reticulata and globus pallidus), and this segregation is maintained at subsequent thalamic and frontocortical levels. This results in an asymmetry in the frontal cortex-basal ganglia relationships, so that while each frontocortical subfield innervates one striatal region, each striatal region influences the basal ganglia output to two frontocortical subfields. Because of this asymmetry, at least one of the frontocortical targets of a given circuit-engaged striatal region is not the source of its frontocortical input. Since this organization is inconsistent with an arrangement in closed segregated circuits we introduce the concept of a "split circuit". A split circuit emanates from one frontocortical area, but terminates in two frontocortical areas. Thus, a split circuit contains at least one "open" striato-fronto-cortical pathway, that leads from a circuit-engaged striatal region to a frontocortical area which is a source of a different circuit. In this manner split circuits are interconnected via their open pathways. The second striato-fronto-cortical pathway of a split circuit can be another open pathway, or it can re-enter the frontocortical area of origin, forming a closed circuit. On the basis of the available anatomical data we tentatively identified a motor, an associative, and a limbic split circuit, each containing a closed circuit and an open pathway. The motor split circuit contains a closed motor circuit that re-enters the motor and premotor cortical areas and an open motor pathway that terminates in the associative prefrontal cortex. The associative split circuit contains a closed associative circuit that re-enters the associative prefrontal cortex and an open associative pathway that terminates in the premotor cortex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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              Male Anolis lizards discriminate video-recorded conspecific and heterospecific displays

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                BBE
                Brain Behav Evol
                10.1159/issn.0006-8977
                Brain, Behavior and Evolution
                S. Karger AG
                0006-8977
                1421-9743
                2001
                April 2001
                28 September 2001
                : 57
                : 4
                : 169-183
                Affiliations
                aDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, bDepartment of Neurobiology, cDepartment of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ala. (UAB), dDepartment of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, eDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Calif. (UCLA), fAltamont School, Birmingham, Ala., USA
                Article
                47235 Brain Behav Evol 2001;57:169–183
                10.1159/000047235
                11641556
                40199b96-ab37-49e2-a8c5-961cc2c38fe5
                © 2001 S. Karger AG, Basel

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 1, References: 64, Pages: 15
                Categories
                Original Paper

                Geriatric medicine,Neurology,Cardiovascular Medicine,Neurosciences,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry,Public health
                Deoxyglucose,Territoriality,<italic>Anolis</italic>,Social displays,Dominance,Submission,Basal ganglia

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