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      Muscles, exercise and obesity: skeletal muscle as a secretory organ.

      1 ,
      Nature reviews. Endocrinology
      Springer Science and Business Media LLC

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          Abstract

          During the past decade, skeletal muscle has been identified as a secretory organ. Accordingly, we have suggested that cytokines and other peptides that are produced, expressed and released by muscle fibres and exert either autocrine, paracrine or endocrine effects should be classified as myokines. The finding that the muscle secretome consists of several hundred secreted peptides provides a conceptual basis and a whole new paradigm for understanding how muscles communicate with other organs, such as adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, bones and brain. However, some myokines exert their effects within the muscle itself. Thus, myostatin, LIF, IL-6 and IL-7 are involved in muscle hypertrophy and myogenesis, whereas BDNF and IL-6 are involved in AMPK-mediated fat oxidation. IL-6 also appears to have systemic effects on the liver, adipose tissue and the immune system, and mediates crosstalk between intestinal L cells and pancreatic islets. Other myokines include the osteogenic factors IGF-1 and FGF-2; FSTL-1, which improves the endothelial function of the vascular system; and the PGC-1α-dependent myokine irisin, which drives brown-fat-like development. Studies in the past few years suggest the existence of yet unidentified factors, secreted from muscle cells, which may influence cancer cell growth and pancreas function. Many proteins produced by skeletal muscle are dependent upon contraction; therefore, physical inactivity probably leads to an altered myokine response, which could provide a potential mechanism for the association between sedentary behaviour and many chronic diseases.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Nat Rev Endocrinol
          Nature reviews. Endocrinology
          Springer Science and Business Media LLC
          1759-5037
          1759-5029
          Apr 03 2012
          : 8
          : 8
          Affiliations
          [1 ] The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Infectious Diseases and CMRC, Rigshospitalet, Section 7641, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. bkp@rh.dk
          Article
          nrendo.2012.49
          10.1038/nrendo.2012.49
          22473333
          402b079f-5536-4fa6-b18f-a89544da73d7
          History

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