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      Diagnostic and clinical values of non-cardiac ultrasound in COPD: A systematic review

      systematic-review

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          Abstract

          Background

          Clinical and research utility of non-cardiac ultrasound (US) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been widely investigated. However, there is no systematic review assessing the clinical values of non-cardiac US techniques in COPD.

          Methods

          We systematically searched electronic databases from inception to 24 June 2020. Two independent reviewers in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines extracted data. A narrative synthesis of the results was conducted considering non-cardiac US techniques that looked for diaphragm, muscles and bones in patients with COPD.

          Results

          In total, 2573 abstracts were screened, and 94 full-text papers were reviewed. A total of 54 studies met the inclusion criteria. Thirty-five studies assessed the diaphragm, while 19 studies evaluated different muscles, including limb muscles and pulmonary lesions in COPD using US. Of the 54 included studies, 30% (16/54) evaluated the changes in either limb muscles or diaphragmatic features before and after physical interventions; 67% (36/54) assessed the correlations between sonographic features and COPD severity. Indeed, 14/15 and 9/13 studies reported a significant reduction in diaphragm excursion and thickness in COPD compared with healthy subjects, respectively; this was correlated significantly with the severity and prognosis of COPD. Three studies reported links between diaphragm length and COPD, where lower diaphragm length correlated with poorer prognosis and outcomes. Quadriceps (rectus femoris), ankle dorsiflexor (tibialis anterior) and vastus lateralis were the most common muscles in COPD assessed by US. More than 70% (12/17) of the studies reported a significant reduction in the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the rectus femoris, rectus femoris and vastus lateralis thickness in COPD compared with healthy subjects. Quadriceps CSA and thickness correlated positively with COPD prognosis, in which patients with reduced quadriceps CSA and thickness have higher risk of exacerbation, readmission and death.

          Conclusion

          US measurements of diaphragm excursion and thickness, as well as lower limb muscles strength, size and thickness, may provide a safe, portable and effective alternative to radiation-based techniques in diagnosis and prognosis as well as tracking improvement postintervention in patients with COPD.

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          Most cited references70

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          Midthigh muscle cross-sectional area is a better predictor of mortality than body mass index in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

          This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that a reduction in midthigh muscle cross-sectional area obtained by CT scan (MTCSA(CT)) is a better predictor of mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) than low body mass index (BMI). We also wished to evaluate whether anthropometric measurements could be used to estimate MTCSA(CT). One hundred forty-two patients with COPD (age = 65 +/- 9 years, mean +/- SD, 26 F, BMI = 26 +/- 6 kg/m(2), FEV(1) = 42 +/- 16% predicted) were recruited from September 1995 to April 2000 with a mean follow-up of 41 +/- 18 months. The primary end-point was all-cause mortality during the study period. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to predict mortality using the following independent variables: age, sex, daily use of corticosteroid, FEV(1), DL(CO), BMI, thigh circumference, MTCSA(CT), peak exercise workrate, Pa(O2), and Pa(CO2). Only MTCSA(CT) and FEV(1) were found to be significant predictors of mortality (p = 0.0008 and p = 0.01, respectively). A second analysis was also performed with FEV(1) and MTCSA(CT) dichotomized. Patients were divided into four subgroups based on FEV(1) ( or= 50% predicted) and MTCSA(CT) ( or= 70 cm(2)). Compared with patients with an FEV(1) >or= 50% predicted and a MTCSA(CT) >or= 70 cm(2), those with an FEV(1) or= 70 cm(2) had a mortality odds ratio of 3.37 (95% confidence interval, 0.41-28.00), whereas patients with an FEV(1) < 50% predicted and a MTCSA(CT) < 70 cm(2) had a mortality odds ratio of 13.16 (95% confidence interval, 1.74-99.20). MTCSA(CT) could not be estimated with sufficient accuracy from anthropometric measurements. In summary, we found in this cohort of patients with COPD that (1) MTCSA(CT) was a better predictor of mortality than BMI, and (2) MTCSA had a strong impact on mortality in patients with an FEV(1) < 50% predicted. These findings suggest that the assessment of body composition may be useful in the clinical evaluation of these patients.
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            Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. What We Know and Can Do for Our Patients

            Skeletal muscle dysfunction occurs in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and affects both ventilatory and nonventilatory muscle groups. It represents a very important comorbidity that is associated with poor quality of life and reduced survival. It results from a complex combination of functional, metabolic, and anatomical alterations leading to suboptimal muscle work. Muscle atrophy, altered fiber type and metabolism, and chest wall remodeling, in the case of the respiratory muscles, are relevant etiological contributors to this process. Muscle dysfunction worsens during COPD exacerbations, rendering patients progressively less able to perform activities of daily living, and it is also associated with poor outcomes. Muscle recovery measures consisting of a combination of pulmonary rehabilitation, optimized nutrition, and other strategies are associated with better prognosis when administered in stable patients as well as after exacerbations. A deeper understanding of this process' pathophysiology and clinical relevance will facilitate the use of measures to alleviate its effects and potentially improve patients' outcomes. In this review, a general overview of skeletal muscle dysfunction in COPD is offered to highlight its relevance and magnitude to expert practitioners and scientists as well as to the average clinician dealing with patients with chronic respiratory diseases.
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              Risk factors for all-cause hospital readmission following exacerbation of COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis

              Background Readmission rates following hospitalisation for COPD exacerbations are unacceptably high, and the contributing factors are poorly understood. Our objective was to summarise and evaluate the factors associated with 30- and 90-day all-cause readmission following hospitalisation for an exacerbation of COPD. Methods We systematically searched electronic databases from inception to 5 November 2019. Data were extracted by two independent authors in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Study quality was assessed using a modified version of the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. We synthesised a narrative from eligible studies and conducted a meta-analysis where this was possible using a random-effects model. Results In total, 3533 abstracts were screened and 208 full-text manuscripts were reviewed. A total of 32 papers met the inclusion criteria, and 14 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The readmission rate ranged from 8.8–26.0% at 30 days and from 17.5–39.0% at 90 days. Our narrative synthesis showed that comorbidities, previous exacerbations and hospitalisations, and increased length of initial hospital stay were the major risk factors for readmission at 30 and 90 days. Pooled adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) revealed that heart failure (1.29 (1.22–1.37)), renal failure (1.26 (1.19–1.33)), depression (1.19 (1.05–1.34)) and alcohol use (1.11 (1.07–1.16)) were all associated with an increased risk of 30-day all-cause readmission, whereas being female was a protective factor (0.91 (0.88–0.94)). Conclusions Comorbidities, previous exacerbations and hospitalisation, and increased length of stay were significant risk factors for 30- and 90-day all-cause readmission after an index hospitalisation with an exacerbation of COPD. Clinicians need to take a holistic approach including attention to comorbidities in the pre-discharge care of patients with COPD exacerbations to reduce the potential risk of readmission. http://bit.ly/2sucXKV
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                BMJ Open Respir Res
                BMJ Open Respir Res
                bmjresp
                bmjopenrespres
                BMJ Open Respiratory Research
                BMJ Publishing Group (BMA House, Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9JR )
                2052-4439
                2020
                25 September 2020
                : 7
                : 1
                : e000717
                Affiliations
                [1 ]departmentRespiratory Medicine , University College London , London, UK
                [2 ]Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences , Dammam, Saudi Arabia
                [3 ]departmentDivision of Medicine , University College London , London, UK
                [4 ]departmentDepartment of Respiratory Care, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences , Jazan University , Jazan, Saudi Arabia
                [5 ]departmentNational Heart and Lung Institute , Imperial College London , London, UK
                [6 ]departmentFaculty of Applied Medical Sciences , Umm Al-Qura University , Makkah, Saudi Arabia
                [7 ]departmentRespiratory Care Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences , King Faisal University , Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia
                [8 ]departmentAnaesthesia & Critical Care, Division of Clinical Neuroscience , University of Nottingham , Nottingham, UK
                [9 ]departmentInstitute of Inflammation and Ageing , University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK
                [10 ]departmentRespiratory Therapy Department , King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences , Alahsa, Saudi Arabia
                [11 ]Dammam Health Network , Dammam, Saudi Arabia
                Author notes
                [Correspondence to ] Jaber S Alqahtani; Alqahtani-Jaber@ 123456hotmail.com
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1795-5092
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0609-5771
                Article
                bmjresp-2020-000717
                10.1136/bmjresp-2020-000717
                7520906
                32978244
                405ca794-5961-452b-889d-6a6d87f33e5b
                © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.

                This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See:  https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 16 July 2020
                : 12 August 2020
                : 13 August 2020
                Categories
                Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
                1506
                2215
                Custom metadata
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                copd exacerbations,copd pathology,pulmonary rehabilitation

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