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      High carbon emissions from thermokarst lakes of Western Siberia

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          Abstract

          The Western Siberia Lowland (WSL), the world’s largest permafrost peatland, is of importance for understanding the high-latitude carbon (C) cycle and its response to climate change. Warming temperatures increase permafrost thaw and production of greenhouse gases. Also, permafrost thaw leads to the formation of lakes which are hotspots for atmospheric C emissions. Although lakes occupy ~6% of WSL, lake C emissions from WSL remain poorly quantified. Here we show high C emissions from lakes across all permafrost zones of WSL. The C emissions were especially high in shoulder seasons and in colder permafrost-rich regions. The total C emission from permafrost-affected lakes of WSL equals ~12 ± 2.6 Tg C yr −1 and is 2-times greater than region’s C export to the Arctic coast. The results show that C emission from WSL lakes is a significant component in the high-latitude C cycle, but also suggest that C emission may decrease with warming.

          Abstract

          The Western Siberia Lowland (WSL) is the world’s largest frozen peatland complex, however carbon emissions (CO 2+CH 4) from lakes in this region remain unknown. Here, the authors sample 76 lakes and show high carbon emissions from lakes across all permafrost zones in the WSL.

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          Methane bubbling from Siberian thaw lakes as a positive feedback to climate warming.

          K. M. Walter, S A Zimov, J. Chanton … (2006)
          Large uncertainties in the budget of atmospheric methane, an important greenhouse gas, limit the accuracy of climate change projections. Thaw lakes in North Siberia are known to emit methane, but the magnitude of these emissions remains uncertain because most methane is released through ebullition (bubbling), which is spatially and temporally variable. Here we report a new method of measuring ebullition and use it to quantify methane emissions from two thaw lakes in North Siberia. We show that ebullition accounts for 95 per cent of methane emissions from these lakes, and that methane flux from thaw lakes in our study region may be five times higher than previously estimated. Extrapolation of these fluxes indicates that thaw lakes in North Siberia emit 3.8 teragrams of methane per year, which increases present estimates of methane emissions from northern wetlands (< 6-40 teragrams per year; refs 1, 2, 4-6) by between 10 and 63 per cent. We find that thawing permafrost along lake margins accounts for most of the methane released from the lakes, and estimate that an expansion of thaw lakes between 1974 and 2000, which was concurrent with regional warming, increased methane emissions in our study region by 58 per cent. Furthermore, the Pleistocene age (35,260-42,900 years) of methane emitted from hotspots along thawing lake margins indicates that this positive feedback to climate warming has led to the release of old carbon stocks previously stored in permafrost.
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            Methane fluxes show consistent temperature dependence across microbial to ecosystem scales.

            Gabriel Yvon-Durocher, Andrew P. Allen, David Bastviken … (2014)
            Methane (CH4) is an important greenhouse gas because it has 25 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide (CO2) by mass over a century. Recent calculations suggest that atmospheric CH4 emissions have been responsible for approximately 20% of Earth's warming since pre-industrial times. Understanding how CH4 emissions from ecosystems will respond to expected increases in global temperature is therefore fundamental to predicting whether the carbon cycle will mitigate or accelerate climate change. Methanogenesis is the terminal step in the remineralization of organic matter and is carried out by strictly anaerobic Archaea. Like most other forms of metabolism, methanogenesis is temperature-dependent. However, it is not yet known how this physiological response combines with other biotic processes (for example, methanotrophy, substrate supply, microbial community composition) and abiotic processes (for example, water-table depth) to determine the temperature dependence of ecosystem-level CH4 emissions. It is also not known whether CH4 emissions at the ecosystem level have a fundamentally different temperature dependence than other key fluxes in the carbon cycle, such as photosynthesis and respiration. Here we use meta-analyses to show that seasonal variations in CH4 emissions from a wide range of ecosystems exhibit an average temperature dependence similar to that of CH4 production derived from pure cultures of methanogens and anaerobic microbial communities. This average temperature dependence (0.96 electron volts (eV)), which corresponds to a 57-fold increase between 0 and 30°C, is considerably higher than previously observed for respiration (approximately 0.65 eV) and photosynthesis (approximately 0.3 eV). As a result, we show that both the emission of CH4 and the ratio of CH4 to CO2 emissions increase markedly with seasonal increases in temperature. Our findings suggest that global warming may have a large impact on the relative contributions of CO2 and CH4 to total greenhouse gas emissions from aquatic ecosystems, terrestrial wetlands and rice paddies.
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              Estimating the volume and age of water stored in global lakes using a geo-statistical approach

              Mathis Loïc Messager, Bernhard Lehner, Günther Grill … (2016)
              Lakes are key components of biogeochemical and ecological processes, thus knowledge about their distribution, volume and residence time is crucial in understanding their properties and interactions within the Earth system. However, global information is scarce and inconsistent across spatial scales and regions. Here we develop a geo-statistical model to estimate the volume of global lakes with a surface area of at least 10 ha based on the surrounding terrain information. Our spatially resolved database shows 1.42 million individual polygons of natural lakes with a total surface area of 2.67 × 106 km2 (1.8% of global land area), a total shoreline length of 7.2 × 106 km (about four times longer than the world's ocean coastline) and a total volume of 181.9 × 103 km3 (0.8% of total global non-frozen terrestrial water stocks). We also compute mean and median hydraulic residence times for all lakes to be 1,834 days and 456 days, respectively.
              Article 0 comments Cited 247 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                S. Serikova:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2319-8190
                svetaserikova22@gmail.com
                J. Karlsson: jan.p.karlsson@umu.se
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nat Commun
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nat Commun
                Title: Nature Communications
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2041-1723
                Publication date (Electronic): 4 April 2019
                Publication date PMC-release: 4 April 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 10
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1552
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1034 3451, GRID grid.12650.30, Climate Impacts Research Centre (CIRC), Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, , Umeå University, ; Linnaeus väg 6, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2353 1689, GRID grid.11417.32, GET UMR 5563 CNRS, Geoscience and Environment, , University of Toulouse, ; 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0000 8578 2742, GRID grid.6341.0, Department of Forest Ecology and Management, , The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, ; Skogsmarksgränd, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1088 3909, GRID grid.77602.34, BIO-GEO-CLIM Laboratory, , Tomsk State University, ; Lenina 36, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2192 9124, GRID grid.4886.2, N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, IEPS, , Russian Academy of Sciences, ; Nab. Severnoi Dviny 23, Arkhangelsk, 163000 Russia
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2319-8190
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3155-7069
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6058-1466
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5191-2817
                Article
                Publisher ID: 9592
                DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09592-1
                PMC ID: 6449335
                PubMed ID: 30948722
                SO-VID: 409cd210-a5fd-45d3-a9ce-a8bfa6df4341
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2019
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 6 September 2018
                Date accepted : 20 March 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2019

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