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      Prime Proportion Affects Masked Priming of Fixed and Free-Choice Responses

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          Abstract

          Left/right “fixed” responses to arrow targets are influenced by whether a masked arrow prime is congruent or incongruent with the required target response. Left/right “free-choice” responses on trials with ambiguous targets that are mixed among fixed trials are also influenced by masked arrow primes. We show that the magnitude of masked priming of both fixed and free-choice responses is greater when the proportion of fixed trials with congruent primes is .8 rather than .2. Unconscious manipulation of context can thus influence both fixed and free choices. Sequential trial analyses revealed that these effects of the overall prime context on fixed and free-choice priming can be modulated by the local context (i.e., the nature of the previous trial). Our results support accounts of masked priming that posit a memory-recruitment, activation, or decision process that is sensitive to aspects of both the local and global context.

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          Conscious control over the content of unconscious cognition.

          Wilfried Kunde, Joachim Hoffmann, Andrea Kiesel (2003)
          Visual stimuli (primes) presented too briefly to be consciously identified can nevertheless affect responses to subsequent stimuli - an instance of unconscious cognition. There is a lively debate as to whether such priming effects originate from unconscious semantic processing of the primes or from reactivation of learned motor responses that conscious stimuli afford during preceding practice. In four experiments we demonstrate that unconscious stimuli owe their impact neither to automatic semantic categorization nor to memory traces of preceding stimulus-response episodes, but to their match with pre-specified cognitive action-trigger conditions. The intentional creation of such triggers allows actors to control the way unconscious stimuli bias their behaviour.
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            Imaging unconscious semantic priming.

            S Dehaene, L Naccache, G Le Clec'H … (1998)
            Visual words that are masked and presented so briefly that they cannot be seen may nevertheless facilitate the subsequent processing of related words, a phenomenon called masked priming. It has been debated whether masked primes can activate cognitive processes without gaining access to consciousness. Here we use a combination of behavioural and brain-imaging techniques to estimate the depth of processing of masked numerical primes. Our results indicate that masked stimuli have a measurable influence on electrical and haemodynamic measures of brain activity. When subjects engage in an overt semantic comparison task with a clearly visible target numeral, measures of covert motor activity indicate that they also unconsciously apply the task instructions to an unseen masked numeral. A stream of perceptual, semantic and motor processes can therefore occur without awareness.
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              Congruity effects evoked by subliminally presented primes: automaticity rather than semantic processing.

              Markus Damian (2001)
              In a size judgment task on words denoting concrete objects, subliminally presented stimuli that preceded the targets influenced response times and were dependent on whether responses to the prime and the target were congruent or incongruent (Experiment 1). These findings, mirroring S. Dehaene et al. (1998), imply that primes are unconsciously categorized and processed to the response stage. However, the effect does not generalize to primes that are not in the response set (Experiment 2), and even exposure to primes not in the response set in an interleaved naming-size judgment task fails to induce it (Experiment 3). However, the effect generalizes from lowercase primes to the same set of uppercase targets (Experiment 4), suggesting an abstract level of operation. The findings suggest that rather than resulting from unconscious prime categorization, the congruity effect results from automatized stimulus-response mappings. Potential differences between the number and the word domain are discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): zea
                Title: Experimental Psychology
                Publisher: Hogrefe Publishing
                ISSN (Print): 1618-3169
                Publication date (Print): December 2009
                Publication date (Electronic): 2009
                Volume: 57
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 360-366
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
                Author notes
                Glen Bodner, Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary AB T2N 1N4, Canada, +1 403 220 2714, +1 403 282 8249, bodner@ 123456ucalgary.ca
                Article
                Apa ID:
                DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000043
                PubMed ID: 20178940
                SO-VID: 40c8f047-cda1-4218-b4a9-cd661d99566e
                Copyright statement: Copyright @ 2009
                History
                Date: February 19, 2009
                Date: June 22, 2009
                Date accepted : June 23, 2009
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Psychology,General behavioral science
                Keywords: sequential trial effects,free-choice priming,masked priming,response priming,positive compatibility effect,prime proportion effects
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Psychology, General behavioral science
                Keywords: sequential trial effects, free-choice priming, masked priming, response priming, positive compatibility effect, prime proportion effects

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