During the first months of 2020, Italy had the highest number of cases of COVID-19
in Europe and in the world. Lombardy, with a population of 10 million people, was
the region of Italy hit the hardest by the pandemic. According to the Italian Ministry
of Health's COVID-19 dashboard Lombardy had 114 800 cases and 16 994 deaths as of
Oct 13, 2020, which is one third of all cases and half of all deaths in Italy.
Lombardy, and the rest of Italy reacted to the surge in cases too late. Even a full
lockdown could not slow down transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
2. Between March and April, 2020, intensive care units treated up to ten times more
patients than usual. In Lombardy, due to a lack of personal protective equipment (PPE)
and training in the proper use of PPE, 12 000 health workers were infected, and 76
health workers died.
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The COVID-19 pandemic revealed problems inherent to Italy's decentralised health-care
system. Because different political parties represent the national government and
the regional government of Lombardy, initial cooperation shifted quickly towards reciprocal
blaming as the pandemic led to increased panic. Within just 3 days of the first COVID-19
diagnosis on Feb 21, 2020, different guidelines were issued by regional health authorities,
significantly deviating from the guidelines issued by the national ministry of health.
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For example, while the ministry of health suggested that all symptomatic patients
in emergency rooms be tested, Lombardy's Welfare Regional Director, in official communication
about COVID-19 hospital management, asked that only those patients with severe symptoms
and requiring admission be tested, and that all other patients be sent home without
being tested.
Continuous wrestling between regional authorities and the central government caused
confusion both among citizens and within hospitals. This delayed isolation of the
highly industrialised towns of Alzano, Lombardo, and Nembro in the Bergamo area, leading
to the most severe outbreak within Italy. Both national and regional authorities could
have taken the decision, together or independently, to follow the suggestions of the
national scientific committee. To this day, they blame each other.
Successive conservative governments in Lombardy have promoted private health-care
institutions for more than 25 years. These have an important role within the welfare
system, accounting for about 40% of the total health services provided. Unfortunately,
these Lombardy governments have given free range to private health-care providers
to develop excellent and profitable niches without demanding that those providers
maintain social responsibility or invest in essential but less profitable services.
Certain fields of health care, such as hygiene, preventive primary health care, and
public health, and networks of general practitioners and hospitals, with all the essential
supportive disciplines like epidemiology, have therefore been neglected. This severely
undermined Lombardy's ability to respond to the pandemic. Findings from a retrospective
analysis of epidemiological data
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suggest that Lombardy's first COVID-19 cases occurred as early as Jan 14, 2020—37
days before the first official diagnosis on Feb 21, 2020, when primary health-care
doctors, unsuccessfully, tried to report cases of what was described as strange pneumonia.
The Regional Council of Lombardy has now formed a COVID-19 investigative commission
within the regional assembly to analyse the sequence of events and the specific choices
that led to so many infections and deaths in a region with an extremely high standard
of health care. The mandate is political and not judicial. The commission is the first
of its kind in all of Europe and, to my knowledge, the first in the world. It is an
essential step to learn from mistakes and to establish accountability to the Italian
people. Many other countries are trying to set up similar organisational bodies. It
took more than 4 months to elect the president of the commission; by Italian law,
the president of such a commission must be a member of the opposition. The commission's
objective is to retrace the series of events and decisions that were taken to respond
to COVID-19, establishing the various degrees of responsibility involved in those
decisions.
This investigative commission's work, which will last 1 year, will, if done well,
be relevant to the entire Italian and international community. It is also essential
that the commission members, of which I am one, do not play the party-politics customary
role of pointing fingers at each other, while overlooking the search for truth within
each mistake.
So many people have died and suffered—they and their families have a right to know
what exactly has happened, good and bad, and I believe they will accept the commission's
findings if presented with full transparency, considering the extremely difficult
scenario. Unless our work proves humble, inclusive, and free of party interests, consequences
could be detrimental.
Cooperation with the scientific community will be essential. Experts' counsel and
research is crucial to understand the mistakes of the recent past. Scientists not
only have the duty to be objective observers, but also to speak up. A new call for
action is needed now. I call for all political representatives to get involved and
take into account the science as the first and main voice in the investigative process,
being aware that true cooperation is needed in order to develop better strategies
for the future. This is the only way to ensure that Lombardy, Italy, and all other
countries are better prepared for pandemics and able to offer their people the protection
they need and are entitled to.