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      High genetic diversity of spider species in a mosaic montane grassland landscape

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          Abstract

          Gene flow and genetic variation were examined within and among populations of five of the most common spider species in shrublands of the mountainous Golden Gate Highlands National Park (GGHNP), South Africa. These species included three active hunters, Dendryphantes purcelli Peckham & Peckham, 1903 (Salticidae), Pherecydes tuberculatus O.P.-Cambridge, 1883 (Thomisidae) and Philodromus browningi Lawrence, 1952 (Philodromidae), and two web-builders, Neoscona subfusca (C.L. Koch, 1837) (Araneidae) and a Theridion Walckenaer, 1802 species (Theridiidae). A total of 249 spiders (57 D. purcelli, 69 N. subfusca, 34 P. browningi, 56 P. tuberculatus and 33 Theridion sp.) were collected and analysed from six shrubland localities in the park. Analyses of sequence variation of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (COI) gene for each species revealed relatively low nucleotide diversity (π < 0.0420) but high genetic diversity (Hd > 0.6500) within populations for all species, except P. tuberculatus. Genetic differentiation was also noted to differ between species, with only P. tuberculatus indicating very large divergence (Fst > 0.2500). These results were reflected by gene flow, with D. purcelli, N. subfusca and the Theridion sp. estimated as experiencing more than one disperser per generation. Overall, highest gene flow was found in the two web-building species, indicating possible high dispersal ability of these spiders in the GGHNP. Additionally, constructed phylogenies indicated possible cryptic speciation occurring in the majority of the investigated species. Our current results indicate that the five investigated spider species were able to maintain gene flow between shrubland populations within the GGHNP to some degree, despite the mountainous landscape. However, further analyses incorporating additional molecular markers are needed to properly determine the extent of genetic diversity and gene flow of these species within the GGHNP.

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          Ecological and Evolutionary Responses to Recent Climate Change

          Ecological changes in the phenology and distribution of plants and animals are occurring in all well-studied marine, freshwater, and terrestrial groups. These observed changes are heavily biased in the directions predicted from global warming and have been linked to local or regional climate change through correlations between climate and biological variation, field and laboratory experiments, and physiological research. Range-restricted species, particularly polar and mountaintop species, show severe range contractions and have been the first groups in which entire species have gone extinct due to recent climate change. Tropical coral reefs and amphibians have been most negatively affected. Predator-prey and plant-insect interactions have been disrupted when interacting species have responded differently to warming. Evolutionary adaptations to warmer conditions have occurred in the interiors of species' ranges, and resource use and dispersal have evolved rapidly at expanding range margins. Observed genetic shifts modulate local effects of climate change, but there is little evidence that they will mitigate negative effects at the species level.
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            Towards an Integrated Framework for Assessing the Vulnerability of Species to Climate Change

            Climate change is a major threat to global biodiversity. A novel integrated framework to assess vulnerability and prioritize research and management action aims to improve our ability to respond to this emerging crisis.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                8 June 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : 6
                : e0234437
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa
                [2 ] Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa
                [3 ] Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State Qwaqwa Campus, Phuthaditjhaba, Free State, South Africa
                National Cheng Kung University, TAIWAN
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3958-8572
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2317-7760
                Article
                PONE-D-20-02102
                10.1371/journal.pone.0234437
                7279597
                32511281
                40dbf307-da75-4966-822d-d76c35d68ae7
                © 2020 Botham et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 23 January 2020
                : 25 May 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 1, Pages: 26
                Funding
                Funded by: Afromontane Research Unit
                Award ID: Emile Bredenhand
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100014000, Masonic Charitable Foundation;
                Award ID: LCAS94
                Award Recipient :
                This study was funded by the Afromontane Research Unit (E.B.), with partial supplementation from the Masonic Charitable Foundation (J.L.B., Grant no. LCAS94). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Evolutionary Biology
                Population Genetics
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Genetics
                Population Genetics
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Population Biology
                Population Genetics
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Genetics
                Heredity
                Genetic Mapping
                Haplotypes
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Genetics
                Heredity
                Gene Flow
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Evolutionary Biology
                Population Genetics
                Gene Flow
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Genetics
                Population Genetics
                Gene Flow
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Population Biology
                Population Genetics
                Gene Flow
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Ecology
                Ecological Metrics
                Species Diversity
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Ecology
                Ecological Metrics
                Species Diversity
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biogeography
                Phylogeography
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Biogeography
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                Earth Sciences
                Geography
                Biogeography
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                Evolutionary Biology
                Population Genetics
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                Genetics
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                Phylogeography
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                Population Biology
                Population Genetics
                Phylogeography
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Molecular Biology
                Molecular Biology Techniques
                Sequencing Techniques
                Nucleotide Sequencing
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Molecular Biology Techniques
                Sequencing Techniques
                Nucleotide Sequencing
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Evolutionary Biology
                Population Genetics
                Genetic Polymorphism
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Genetics
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                Genetic Polymorphism
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Population Biology
                Population Genetics
                Genetic Polymorphism
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Evolutionary Biology
                Evolutionary Processes
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                Custom metadata
                The data underlying the results presented in the study are available from the Barcode of Life Data (BOLD) Systems (URL: http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php).

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