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      Turbulent Gas Clouds and Respiratory Pathogen Emissions : Potential Implications for Reducing Transmission of COVID-19

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      JAMA
      American Medical Association (AMA)

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          Air, Surface Environmental, and Personal Protective Equipment Contamination by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) From a Symptomatic Patient

          This study documents results of SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of environmental surfaces and personal protective equipment surrounding 3 COVID-19 patients in isolation rooms in a Singapore hospital.
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            Violent expiratory events: on coughing and sneezing

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              Visualization of sneeze ejecta: steps of fluid fragmentation leading to respiratory droplets

              Coughs and sneezes feature turbulent, multiphase flows that may contain pathogen-bearing droplets of mucosalivary fluid. As such, they can contribute to the spread of numerous infectious diseases, including influenza and SARS. The range of contamination of the droplets is largely determined by their size. However, major uncertainties on the drop size distributions persist. Here, we report direct observation of the physical mechanisms of droplet formation at the exit of the mouth during sneezing. Specifically, we use high-speed imaging to directly examine the fluid fragmentation at the exit of the mouths of healthy subjects. We reveal for the first time that the breakup of the fluid into droplets continues to occur outside of the respiratory tract during violent exhalations. We show that such breakup involves a complex cascade of events from sheets, to bag bursts, to ligaments, which finally break into droplets. Finally, we reveal that the viscoelasticity of the mucosalivary fluid plays an important role in delaying fragmentation by causing the merger of the droplet precursors that form along stretched filaments; thereby affecting the final drop size distribution farther downstream. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00348-015-2078-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                JAMA
                JAMA
                American Medical Association (AMA)
                0098-7484
                March 26 2020
                Affiliations
                [1 ]The Fluid Dynamics of Disease Transmission Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
                Article
                10.1001/jama.2020.4756
                32215590
                40df1ae7-cd00-4d14-a97b-27f19da47ba1
                © 2020
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