Spatio-Temporal Steering for Testing Nonclassical Correlations in Quantum Networks

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Abstract

We introduce the concept of spatio-temporal steering (STS), which reduces, in special cases, to Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering and the recently-introduced temporal steering. We describe two measures of this effect referred to as the STS weight and robustness. We suggest that these STS measures enable a new way to assess nonclassical correlations in an open quantum network, such as quantum transport through nano-structures or excitation transfer in a complex biological system. As one of our examples, we apply STS to check nonclassical correlations among sites in a photosynthetic pigment-protein complex in the Fenna-Matthews-Olson model.

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Ryszard Horodecki, Karol Horodecki, Pawel Horodecki … (2007)

All our former experience with application of quantum theory seems to say: {\it what is predicted by quantum formalism must occur in laboratory}. But the essence of quantum formalism - entanglement, recognized by Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen and Schr\"odinger - waited over 70 years to enter to laboratories as a new resource as real as energy. This holistic property of compound quantum systems, which involves nonclassical correlations between subsystems, is a potential for many quantum processes, including ``canonical'' ones: quantum cryptography, quantum teleportation and dense coding. However, it appeared that this new resource is very complex and difficult to detect. Being usually fragile to environment, it is robust against conceptual and mathematical tools, the task of which is to decipher its rich structure. This article reviews basic aspects of entanglement including its characterization, detection, distillation and quantifying. In particular, the authors discuss various manifestations of entanglement via Bell inequalities, entropic inequalities, entanglement witnesses, quantum cryptography and point out some interrelations. They also discuss a basic role of entanglement in quantum communication within distant labs paradigm and stress some peculiarities such as irreversibility of entanglement manipulations including its extremal form - bound entanglement phenomenon. A basic role of entanglement witnesses in detection of entanglement is emphasized.

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Solar fuel production often starts with the energy from light being absorbed by an assembly of molecules; this electronic excitation is subsequently transferred to a suitable acceptor. For example, in photosynthesis, antenna complexes capture sunlight and direct the energy to reaction centres that then carry out the associated chemistry. In this Review, we describe the principles learned from studies of various natural antenna complexes and suggest how to elucidate strategies for designing light-harvesting systems. We envisage that such systems will be used for solar fuel production, to direct and regulate excitation energy flow using molecular organizations that facilitate feedback and control, or to transfer excitons over long distances. Also described are the notable properties of light-harvesting chromophores, spatial-energetic landscapes, the roles of excitonic states and quantum coherence, as well as how antennas are regulated and photoprotected.

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Discussion of Probability Relations between Separated Systems

E. Schrödinger, Jurriaan M. Born (1935)

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Author and article information

Contributors

Yueh-Nan Chen:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2785-7675

yuehnan@mail.ncku.edu.tw

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Rep

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Rep

Title: Scientific Reports

Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 2045-2322

Publication date (Electronic): 16 June 2017

Publication date PMC-release: 16 June 2017

Publication date Collection: 2017

Volume: 7

Electronic Location Identifier: 3728

Affiliations

[1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0532 3255, GRID grid.64523.36, Department of Physics, , National Cheng Kung University, ; 701 Tainan, Taiwan

[2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2242 8751, GRID grid.5836.8, Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät, , Universität Siegen, ; 57068 Siegen, Germany

[3 ]ISNI 0000000094465255, GRID grid.7597.c, CEMS, , RIKEN, ; 351-0198 Wako-shi, Japan

[4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0532 3255, GRID grid.64523.36, Department of Engineering Science, , National Cheng Kung University, ; 701 Tainan, Taiwan

[5 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0532 3749, GRID grid.260542.7, Department of Physics, , National Chung Hsing University, ; 402 Taichung, Taiwan

[6 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0532 0580, GRID grid.38348.34, Physics Division, , National Center for Theoretical Sciences, ; 300 Hsinchu, Taiwan

[7 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2097 3545, GRID grid.5633.3, Faculty of Physics, , Adam Mickiewicz University, ; 61-614 Poznań, Poland

[8 ]ISNI 0000000086837370, GRID grid.214458.e, Department of Physics, , The University of Michigan, ; Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1040 USA

Author information

Yueh-Nan Chen http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2785-7675

Franco Nori http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3682-7432

Article

Publisher ID: 3789

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03789-4

PMC ID: 5473883

PubMed ID: 28623284

SO-VID: 40e07632-2379-4f2b-9829-b3f8210bebd2

License:

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

Date received : 15 February 2017

Date accepted : 3 May 2017

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