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      Evidence of mutagenic and lethal effects of herbicides on Amazonian frogs Translated title: Evidências de efeitos mutagênicos e letais de herbicidas em sapos da Amazônia

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Amphibians are excellent bioindicators because they are sensitive to chemical pollution and can indicate ecosystem changes due to the presence of or exposure to chemical compounds. Here we report evidence of the impact of herbicides, including glyphosate, on amphibians in a locality in the central Brazilian Amazon and compare it with data from other biomes in Brazil. We observed malformations in three species of Leptodactylus and local extinctions of Scinax ruber and Rhinella marina from reproductive sites close to an area where herbicides had been applied. The observations in the Amazon are similar to reports from Brazil’s Atlantic forest on morphological anomalies and mortality in amphibians exposed to herbicides. We warn of the threat of expanding crops for the production of biofuels in the Amazon due to their cultivation being associated with agrochemicals, including glyphosate, posing a threat to the biodiversity of the Amazon biome.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO Os anfíbios são ótimos bioindicadores porque são sensíveis à poluição química, indicando alterações ecossistêmicas pela presença de ou pela exposição a compostos químicos. Aqui nós relatamos evidências do impacto de herbicidas, incluindo glifosato, em anfíbios em uma localidade na Amazônia central brasileira e as comparamos com dados de outros biomas no Brasil. Nós observamos malformações em três espécies de Leptodactylus e extinção local de Scinax ruber e Rhinella marina em sítios reprodutivos próximos a uma área onde herbicidas haviam sido aplicados. Os resultados observados na Amazônia são semelhantes aos observados na Mata Atlântica do Brasil, com alterações morfológicas e mortalidade em anfíbios expostos a herbicidas. Alertamos para a ameaça de expansão de culturas para a produção de biocombustíveis na Amazônia, devido ao fato de o cultivo estar associado a agroquímicos, incluindo o glifosato, representando uma ameaça à biodiversidade do bioma Amazônia.

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          Brazil’s new president and ‘ruralists’ threaten Amazonia’s environment, traditional peoples and the global climate

          Summary Jair Bolsonaro (Brazil’s new president) and “ruralists” (large landholders and their representatives) have initiated a series of measures that threaten Amazonia’s environment and traditional peoples, as well as global climate. These include weakening the country’s environmental agencies and forest code, granting amnesty to deforestation, approving harmful agrochemicals, reducing protected areas, and denying the existence of anthropogenic climate change. Both the measures themselves and the expectation of impunity they encourage have spurred increased deforestation, which contributes to climate change and to land conflicts with traditional peoples. Countries and companies that import Brazilian beef, soy and minerals are stimulating these impacts.
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            Terrestrial pesticide exposure of amphibians: An underestimated cause of global decline?

            Amphibians, a class of animals in global decline, are present in agricultural landscapes characterized by agrochemical inputs. Effects of pesticides on terrestrial life stages of amphibians such as juvenile and adult frogs, toads and newts are little understood and a specific risk assessment for pesticide exposure, mandatory for other vertebrate groups, is currently not conducted. We studied the effects of seven pesticide products on juvenile European common frogs (Rana temporaria) in an agricultural overspray scenario. Mortality ranged from 100% after one hour to 40% after seven days at the recommended label rate of currently registered products. The demonstrated toxicity is alarming and a large-scale negative effect of terrestrial pesticide exposure on amphibian populations seems likely. Terrestrial pesticide exposure might be underestimated as a driver of their decline calling for more attention in conservation efforts and the risk assessment procedures in place do not protect this vanishing animal group.
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              Questions concerning the potential impact of glyphosate-based herbicides on amphibians.

              Use of glyphosate-based herbicides is increasing worldwide. The authors review the available data related to potential impacts of these herbicides on amphibians and conduct a qualitative meta-analysis. Because little is known about environmental concentrations of glyphosate in amphibian habitats and virtually nothing is known about environmental concentrations of the substances added to the herbicide formulations that mainly contribute to adverse effects, glyphosate levels can only be seen as approximations for contamination with glyphosate-based herbicides. The impact on amphibians depends on the herbicide formulation, with different sensitivity of taxa and life stages. Effects on development of larvae apparently are the most sensitive endpoints to study. As with other contaminants, costressors mainly increase adverse effects. If and how glyphosate-based herbicides and other pesticides contribute to amphibian decline is not answerable yet due to missing data on how natural populations are affected. Amphibian risk assessment can only be conducted case-specifically, with consideration of the particular herbicide formulation. The authors recommend better monitoring of both amphibian populations and contamination of habitats with glyphosate-based herbicides, not just glyphosate, and suggest including amphibians in standardized test batteries to study at least dermal administration. Copyright © 2013 SETAC.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                aa
                Acta Amazonica
                Acta Amaz.
                Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (Manaus, AM, Brazil )
                0044-5967
                1809-4392
                December 2020
                : 50
                : 4
                : 363-366
                Affiliations
                [1] Manaus Amazonas orgnameInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia orgdiv1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Brazil
                [2] Manaus Amazonas orgnameInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia orgdiv1Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental Brazil
                Article
                S0044-59672020000400363 S0044-5967(20)05000400363
                10.1590/1809-4392202000562
                41121588-5ca6-4058-bad4-aa1f8f39cf43

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 26 February 2020
                : 27 August 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 24, Pages: 4
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Environmental sciences

                General environmental science
                agrotóxicos,floresta amazônica,anurans,ecotóxicologia,anuros,bioindicadores,impacto ambiental,Amazon Forest,environmental impact,agrochemicals,ecotoxicology,bioindicators

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