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      Mini exame dos estado mental e o diagnóstico de demência no Brasil Translated title: The Mini-Mental State Examination and the Diagnosis of Dementia in Brazil

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          Abstract

          O diagnóstico de demência tem como base a presença de declínio da memória e de outras funções cognitivas. Diversos instrumentos foram desenvolvidos durante os últimos anos com o objetivo de auxiliar na investigação de possíveis déficits cognitivos em indivíduos de risco, como é o caso dos idosos. O Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MMSE) é a escala de avaliação cognitiva mais amplamente utilizada com essa finalidade. Apesar disso, o MMSE ainda não foi adequadamente validado para o diagnóstico específico de demência no Brasil. Este estudo foi desenhado com os seguintes objetivos: (1) investigar o melhor ponto de corte do MMSE para o diagnóstico de demência em uma amostra de idosos atendidos em um ambulatório de saúde mental; e (2) estudar o impacto da idade e escolaridade sobre o escore total final da escala. Duzentos e onze pacientes com mais de 60 anos de idade que buscaram tratamento junto à Unidade de Idosos do ambulatório de saúde mental da Santa Casa de São Paulo entre fevereiro de 1997 e fevereiro de 1998 foram incluídos no estudo. Eles foram avaliados de forma sistemática com o SRQ-20, MMSE e entrevista clínica para realização do diagnóstico clínico de acordo com a CID-10. Setenta (33,2%) pacientes receberam o diagnóstico de demência. Os escores do MMSE foram comparados no grupo de pacientes sem e com demência. O ponto de corte 23/24 (caso/não caso) revelou índices de sensibilidade e especificidade de 84,3% e 60,3% respectivamente. O escore total do MMSE correlacionou-se de forma significativa com a idade (r= -0,41; p<0,001) e com a escolaridade (F=12,69; p<0,001). Análise de covariância do MMSE entre os diferentes níveis de escolaridade mostrou que apenas o grupo sem escolaridade formal diferia dos demais quando o efeito da idade era levado em consideração (F=10.51, p<0.001). O ponto de corte 19/20 no MMSE apresentou sensibilidade de 80,0% e especificidade de 70,9% para o diagnóstico de demência entre os idosos sem escolaridade. O ponto de corte 23/24 no MMSE associou-se a taxas de sensibilidade e especificidade de 77,8% e 75,4% respectivamente para idosos com histórico escolar prévio. Conclui-se que é necessário utilizar pontos de corte diferenciados no MMSE para idosos sem e com instrução escolar que estejam sendo avaliados para a presença de um possível quadro demencial.

          Translated abstract

          The diagnosis of dementia is based on the presence of memory deficits and decline of other cognitive functions. Many scales have been designed to aid the clinician in the assessment of at risk subjects, such as the elderly. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is the most widely used of such scales, although its use as an aid to the diagnosis of dementia has not as yet been studied in a Brazilian sample of patients. The current study was designed with 2 main aims: (1) to determine the best cut-off point of the MMSE for the diagnosis of dementia in a sample of elderly subjects assessed in a mental health outpatient unit and; (2) evaluate the impact of age and schooling on MMSE scores. Two hundred and eleven subjects aged 60 or over assessed at the Mental Health Outpatient Unit for the elderly at "Santa Casa de São Paulo" between February 1997 and February 1998 were included in the study. They were assessed with the SRQ-20, MMSE, and a clinical interview for the diagnosis of dementia according to the ICD-10. Seventy patients received the diagnosis of dementia. The MMSE cut-off point of 23/24 (cases/non-cases) was associated with a sensitivity of 84.3% and specificity of 60.3%. MMSE scores were associated with age (r= -0.41, p<0.001) and schooling (F=12.69, p<0.001). Analysis of covariance taking age into account showed that MMSE scores were significantly lower among those with no formal education (F=10.51, p<0.001). A cut-off point of 19/20 on the MMSE was associated with sensitivity of 80.0% and specificity of 70.9% for the diagnosis of dementia in this particular group. Subjects with previous school history were better classified to the diagnosis of dementia with the cut-off point of 23/24: sensitivity of 77.8% and specificity of 75.4%. The evaluation of elderly subjects with the MMSE should take education into account, and different cut-off points should be used accordingly as a guideline to the diagnosis of dementia.

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          Most cited references29

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          Population-based norms for the Mini-Mental State Examination by age and educational level.

          To report the distribution of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores by age and educational level. National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program surveys conducted between 1980 and 1984. Community populations in New Haven, Conn; Baltimore, Md; St Louis, Mo; Durham, NC; and Los Angeles, Calif. A total of 18,056 adult participants selected by probability sampling within census tracts and households. Summary scores for the MMSE are given in the form of mean, median, and percentile distributions specific for age and educational level. The MMSE scores were related to both age and educational level. There was an inverse relationship between MMSE scores and age, ranging from a median of 29 for those 18 to 24 years of age, to 25 for individuals 80 years of age and older. The median MMSE score was 29 for individuals with at least 9 years of schooling, 26 for those with 5 to 8 years of schooling, and 22 for those with 0 to 4 years of schooling. Cognitive performance as measured by the MMSE varies within the population by age and education. The cause of this variation has yet to be determined. Mini-Mental State Examination scores should be used to identify current cognitive difficulties and not to make formal diagnoses. The results presented should prove to be useful to clinicians who wish to compare an individual patient's MMSE scores with a population reference group and to researchers making plans for new studies in which cognitive status is a variable of interest.
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            The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders

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              Mini-Mental State: practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinicians

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                anp
                Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria
                Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.
                Academia Brasileira de Neurologia - ABNEURO (São Paulo )
                1678-4227
                September 1998
                : 56
                : 3B
                : 605-612
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                S0004-282X1998000400014
                10.1590/S0004-282X1998000400014
                9850757
                41261182-d121-4c23-a453-5758de5679ab

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0004-282X&lng=en
                Categories
                NEUROSCIENCES
                PSYCHIATRY

                Neurosciences,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                mini-mental state examination,MMSE,scales,cognition,dementia,Alzheimer's disease,sensitivity,specificity,mini-exame do estado mental,escalas,cognição,demência,doença de Alzheimer,sensibilidade,especificidade

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