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      80 years of Netherlands Society of Cardiology

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      Netherlands Heart Journal
      Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

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          Abstract

          The Netherlands Society of Cardiology (NVVC) was founded on 28 April 1934 at the occasion of the 70th birthday of Professor Karel Frederik Wenckebach. The first record of our Society can be derived from Het Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde (NTvG) 78.III.29, 21 July 1934:3393–3395. Professor W.A. Kuenen (Leiden) became the Society’s first President and at the same time Wenckebach (Vienna) was appointed Honorary President of the NVVC. In 1934, the NVVC was defined as follows: The Society is purely scientific, every physician or veterinary surgeon with an interest in cardiology may apply for candidate-membership to the secretary’s office. The annual contribution will amount to five Dutch guilders. The first official statutes of the NVVC date back to 1951 when Professor Formyne (Amsterdam) was President. The goals of the NVVC at that time were twofold: 1) to promote the knowledge of cardiovascular diseases and to take measures for fighting cardiovascular diseases and its consequences, 2) to serve the professional interests of Dutch cardiologists. In 1949, cardiology was recognised as an independent profession by the Registration Committee for Specialists (currently MSRC). Professor Herman Snellen (Leiden) was the first representative of our profession within the MSRC. Our cardiology training program initially consisted of a 5-year period, including 3 years of internal medicine and 2 years of cardiology. In the 1980s it was decided that our training period would be expanded to a total of 6 years, consisting of 2 years of internal medicine and 4 years of cardiology. The mission of the NVVC has changed over the years. To fulfil its mission the NVVC has grown into a society that aims to be facilitating, stimulating and guiding. Its policy has become based on three pillars: the patient, public affairs, and the professional. Since 2 years our society is not only focused at cardiologists but also includes allied professionals. The NVVC has intensified relations with partners such as patient organisations (Hart- en Vaatgroep), the Netherlands Heart Foundation, the Society for Cardiovascular Nursing, the Netherlands Society for Cardiothoracic Surgery (NvT), and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). In this way, the NVVC has become a society for cardiology in general rather that a society for just cardiologists. The time has come to target cardiovascular health instead of cardiovascular disease. Our 30th anniversary in 1964 was a very memorable year as two prominent members, the Professors Snellen and Van Nieuwenhuizen (Nieuwegein), decided to found the Netherlands Heart Foundation. The Heart Foundation developed into a powerful institute with its main emphasis on prevention, patient information and funding scientific projects. At our 60th anniversary in 1994, the Netherlands Institute for Continuing Cardiovascular Education (CVOI) was established with the main goal to provide education to fellows in training and to cardiologists. The CVOI has proved to be indispensable in educating members of the NVVC and beyond. Certain major achievements have been made during the past 80 years. First of all, since the early 1990s our biannual NVVC congresses have become well-attended meetings creating a true scientific and social platform for all our members. Second, our Website has matured and has become the optimal place to act as a mouthpiece for NVVC members. Next, since 2001 we have our own monthly Society Journal bearing the name the Netherlands Heart Journal (NHJ). The Journal was included in PubMed in 2007 and has been indexed in the Web of Science since 2008. It is expected that the impact factor 2013 of NHJ will pass the threshold of 2.0 [1, 2]. A new initiative by NHJ in 2014 is the installment of an Associate Editors Board recruited from young scientific members from the Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (young ICIN). In recent years, our Society has developed from a purely scientific organ to an outstanding professional institute serving a complete spectrum from scientific developments, training and education, generation of guidelines, quality assessment, development of registries, to professional and political interests. Most of these issues are dealt with by our very professional office (Bureau NVVC), taking care of the needs and demands of the members. Many committees and working groups are very active within our Society. Our Society currently contains over 1500 members and the organisational level is close to 100%! As a national society we belong to our parent society, the ESC. In 2013, the NVVC hosted the annual ESC Congress in Amsterdam, which turned out to be a great event both in terms of attendance and scientific quality [3]. At present, our Society is flourishing as never before! Understandably, we have no recollections of the 10th anniversary of the NVVC (1944) due to the Second World War; neither are there any mementos of the 20th anniversary in 1954. Fortunately, there are still several memorabilia left from the 30th, 40th, 50th, and 60th anniversaries of our Society. All our anniversaries have been celebrated in hotels in Amsterdam: 1974 (Hilton), 1984 (Sonesta Koepelkerk) [4], 1994 (Barbizon Palace), 2004 (Okura Hotel), and 2009 (Mövenpick) [5]. Our 80th anniversary will be celebrated in the RAI Congress Center. At the occasion of our anniversary, a ‘Canon of the Cardiology’ will be presented, which offers a kaleidoscopic view on the achievements in cardiovascular medicine throughout the years with emphasis on the contributions from the Netherlands [6]. Needless to say, our Society can be very proud of past performances from Dutch soil [7, 8]. We wholeheartedly hope you will enjoy our 16th lustrum!

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          The impact factor of the Netherlands Heart Journal in 2013

          T. Opthof (2013)
          Impact factors of scientific journals divide the number of received citations during a (citation) year by the number of papers published in the past; normally the 2 years preceding the year of the citation count. These impact factors have -widely and for almost 20 years- been criticised when it comes to a translation of the impact factor of a journal to its constituent papers [1–4]. The reason is that the distribution of citations over the papers of a journal is heavily skewed [2, 4]. Therefore, there is a large difference between the average number of citations (impact factor) and the median number of citations. The explanation for this discrepancy is incomplete but relates to, among other things, the number of scientists active in the same field. Efforts have been made to relate obtained citations to the source of citations, i.e. the citing authors, their field, including their citation behaviour [5–8], but there is inhomogeneity in citation density below the level of a scientific journal [9] and thus far no satisfactory solutions for this problem have been found. Relating citations to medical subject headings (MeSH) of bibliometric retrieval systems may be a step forward [10], but this would still depend on categorisation of science by others than the publishing authors. True as this may be, it does not mean that impact factors are not important for scientific journals, their owners, their publishers, their editors, their reviewers and their prospective authors. The importance is also substantial for those who are in charge of judging applications for research grants and academic positions. There has, in my opinion, never been a serious analysis on the difference in significance between high citation numbers and, for example, high television viewing figures. Thus, frequent citation may mean that research is excellent, but it may also mean that many other scientists are interested in the same topic (see above). The first presumption is, of course, more attractive to frequently cited authors. But not only to authors! Editors have become active in pushing the impact factors of their own journals in a way that starts to overstep the bounds of reasonable ethical behaviour [11, 12]. Still, the deviation in temporal citation profile from the average profile of all other papers may be more indicative of scientific importance as we presumed in a recent issue of this journal [13]. The Netherlands Heart Journal received an impact factor for the first time in its history in 2009. It was at 1.39 (with truncation of the third decimal). The founder/owner of the Institute for Scientific Information (at present a part of Thomson Reuters), Eugene Garfield, has repeatedly stated that it is of course nonsense to calculate impact factors with an accuracy of three decimals, when it concerns, in general, far less than 1000 published papers. This fake accuracy serves the prevention of too many ex aequo rankings amongst the more than 8000 journals in the Journal Citation Reports, one of the yearly published products of Thomson Reuters. Figure 1 shows that the impact factor of the Netherlands Heart Journal remained constant at around 1.4 between 2009 and 2011. Figure 2 shows the citation per paper in the years following the year of publication. At the abscissa the year of citation is given. Year 1 concerns the year of publication, and by dividing the number of citations by the number of papers published in the same year, one arrives at the ‘immediacy index’. The impact factor is calculated by averaging the citations to papers published in the 2 years preceding the year during which citations are counted. In Fig. 2 it means that for arriving at the impact factor for 2009, one has to consider the weighed average of citations in year 3 for papers published in 2007 and in year 2 for papers published in 2008. At the same time, for the impact factor of 2011, one has to calculate the weighed average of citations in year 3 for papers published in 2009 and in year 2 for papers published in 2010 (these have been marked with an arrow in Fig. 2). Thus, citation during year 4 and later no longer contributes to the 2-year impact factor, although citation during these years may be more frequent than during the preceding years. Fig. 1 Impact factor of the Netherlands Heart Journal between 2009 (first impact factor) and 2011. The impact factor of 2012 was communicated between the submission of this editorial and its publication Fig. 2 Citation of the papers published by the Netherlands Heart Journal 2007–2011 during the subsequent years of citation. Year 1 is the year of publication. Data are from Journal Citation Reports, a product from Thomson Reuters, when the symbols are small. The larger symbols are taken from the Web of Science (also from Thomson Reuters), in cases where information was not (yet) available in Journal Citation Reports The impact factor for 2012 was unknown at the time of submission of this article. However, it can be deduced from Fig. 3, which shows citations obtained during 2012 to the papers published in 2010 and 2011 and divided by the total number of papers, that a minor decrease (compare with Fig. 1) is anticipated (see the thin line in Fig. 3). At the same time, by comparing the thick with the thin line one may appreciate that citations obtained thus far in 2013 to the papers published in 2011 and 2012 are well above the number of citations obtained during 2012 to the papers published in 2010 and 2011. The circle at week 22 has been duplicated at week 52, because it estimates the impact factor for 2013. It means that an impact factor well above 2.00 is foreseen for the first time in the history of the Netherlands Heart Journal. Despite the limitations of the impact factor (see above), this is good news for anyone interested in this journal, in particular for those who are considering submitting their work. Fig. 3 Prediction of the impact factor of the Netherlands Heart Journal in 2012 (thin line) and 2013 (thick line). At the time of publication of this article, the accuracy of this prediction can be appreciated from the official value, as it will have been communicated by Thomson Reuters. The impact factor for 2013 (see the circle at week 22 which is repeated at week 52, because it predicts the situation at the end of the year) will be officially communicated in the summer of 2014
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            Impact factor 2012 for cardiovascular journals: true impact?

            In June 2013, the impact factors for the year 2012 were released (Thomson Reuters Journal Citation Reports® 2012, ISI Web of Knowledge). The impact factor is defined as the average number of citations received per paper divided by the published articles in a specific journal during the preceding 2 years [1–3]. The 2012 impact factor of the Netherlands Heart Journal (NHJ) was 1.411. The 2012 NHJ impact factor was calculated as follows: in 2012, the total number of citations to articles published in the years 2010 and 2011 was 207. The number of articles published in 2010 and 2011 was 146. As a result, the 2012 impact factor was 206 citations divided by 144 articles: 206/146 = 1.411. The NHJ impact factor has therefore remained rather constant over the past 4 years: 1.392 in 2009, 1.447 in 2010, 1.438 in 2011, and 1.411 in 2012. Of course, we are striving to increase our impact factor over the forthcoming years (see the article by Tobias Opthof in the July/August edition of NHJ this year) [4]. From a European perspective, the impact factors of 2012 show the following interesting facts: Out of a total number of 122 cardiovascular journals (subject category Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems), the European Heart Journal (EHJ) moved to the second place with a 2012 impact factor of 14.097, directly behind Circulation (2012 impact factor of 15.202) and ahead of the Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC) with a 2012 impact factor of 14.086. Last year, the EHJ already ranked in the third place behind JACC (second) and Circulation (first). As a result, the EHJ Editor-in-Chief Thomas Lüscher (Zürich, Switzerland) and the EHJ Editorial Board should be complimented. First place is within reach! For the cardiovascular journals directed by Dutch Editors-in-Chief, the following remarkable results for the 2012 impact factors were observed: The European Journal of Heart Failure (EJHF), fitting in the family of journals belonging to the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), received a 2012 impact factor of 5.247 versus a 2011 impact factor of 4.896, a rewarding increase. The Editorial Board of the EHJF is chaired by Dirk Jan van Veldhuisen (Groningen, the Netherlands) with Wiek van Gilst and Adriaan Voors as Deputy Editors. For the journal Eurointervention, also part of the ESC journal family, with Patrick Serruys (Rotterdam, the Netherlands) as Editor-in-Chief, the 2012 impact factor was rather similar to the 2011 impact factor (3.285 in 2011 versus 3.173 in 2012) The impact factor of the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology (another member of the ESC journal family), with Diederick Grobbee (Utrecht, the Netherlands) as Editor-in-Chief, moved from 2.634 in 2011 to 3.903 in 2012, a considerable increase! The impact factor of the European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing (also part of the ESC journal family), chaired by Tiny Jaarsma (currently residing in Norrköping, Sweden) as Editor-in-Chief, increased significantly from 1.711 in 2011 to 2.042 in 2012 Finally, the impact factor of the International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging (CAIM), supervised by Hans Reiber (Leiden, the Netherlands) as Editor-in-Chief, moved from 2.285 in 2011 to 2.648 in 2012, also an obvious increase The above-mentioned Editors-in-Chief should be congratulated on attaining a fine 2012 impact factor. This can be viewed as a major accomplishment, especially when recognising that there are currently more than 40,000 scientific journals worldwide. Over time, impact factors have become the holy grail in the scientific journal domain [5]. Many authors wish to publish in the journals with the highest impact factors because this will increase their scientific image, their professional profile, and their academic career perspectives. As a result, every journal editor works hard to improve the journal’s impact factor because it is viewed by publishers as an index of journal quality and success, determining the extent to which the journal is resourced by its sponsoring organisation or publisher [6–8]. However, there are many confounders that may influence the impact factor, at least challenging the scientific significance of an impact factor [9–12]. Nallomothu and Lüscher recently suggested that medical journals should move from the concept of ‘impact’ to ‘influence’ [12]. To that purpose, article-level metrics will probably play a more prominent role in the near future. As opposed to the impact factor, article-level metrics provide a major step forward in evaluating the performance of individual articles published in (cardiovascular) journals [13]. The Public Library of Science (PLoS) has been instrumental in developing several article-level metrics that integrate traditional approaches such as the impact factor which measures scientific impact with overall interest and readership. Pertinent questions are: 1) How often do others comment on articles and how do peers ‘rank’ these articles? 2) How many of the articles are being downloaded, and for how long? 3) How often are text, tables, and figures from the article ‘cut-and-pasted’? 4) How often are articles being selected by blogs, twitter, and lay media outlets? [12–15]. The concept of using article-level metrics, as a more objective and reliable way of measuring journal influence, may provide the true impact of a scientific journal. In summary, the impact factor is still considered to be the nec plus ultra for authors, editors, publishers, and academic institutions. Although it is not very likely that a valid substitute for the impact factor will soon be implemented, the use of article-level metrics sounds noteworthy and hopeful. Until this approach has been accepted as a solid, reliable, and objective bibliometric index, we remain dependent on the impact factor for a journal quality index.
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              Milestones in cardiovascular medicine: 10 or more?

              At the ESC Congress, Amsterdam, 30 August-4 September 2013, the world-known cardiologist Eugene Braunwald (Harvard, Boston, USA) presented the top-10 milestones in cardiovascular medicine. Let’s have look at Braunwald’s top-10 from cardiology history in chronological order. This list was also published in the ESC Congress News, 2 September, 2013 [1]. 1902. ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY According to Braunwald, the birth of modern cardiology is 1902, when Willem Einthoven from Leiden, the Netherlands, recorded the first human electrocardiogram (ECG) with a string galvanometer he had developed to record electrical activity of the heart. Einthoven assigned the letters P, Q, R, S and T to the various deflections and described the electrocardiographic features of a number of cardiovascular disorders. 1927. CARDIAC CATHETERISATION Claude Bernard, the 19th century French physiologist, was the first to catheterise and measure pressures in the cardiac chambers and great vessels of animal hearts. A German surgical resident, Werner Forssman performed the first human catheterisation of the heart on himself in 1929. Later, in 1941, Andre Cournand, a French physiologist, and Dickinson Richards, an American, recorded intracardiac pressures and cardiac outputs in normal subjects and patients with congenital and acquired heart disease. 1938/1953. CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY Modern cardiovascular surgery was first applied systematically in 1938 when Robert Gross from Boston successfully closed a patent ductus arteriosus. In 1953 John Gibbon from Philadelphia performed the first open-heart operation using cardiopulmonary bypass to successfully close an atrial septal defect. His design led to the construction of the heart-lung machine by IBM engineers. 1952. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY In 1952 the Swedish team of cardiologist Inge Edler and physicist Helmuth Hertz adapted a sonar device developed to detect submarines in World War II for human use. The investigators provided continuous recordings of movements of the heart’s walls and normal and diseased mitral valves. 1952. PACEMAKERS AND INTERNAL DEFIBRILLATORS In 1952 Paul Zoll from Boston developed the first external pacemaker, while in 1959 Rune Elmquist and Åke Senning from Zurich reported on the first successful use of internal pacemakers. In 1970 Michel Mirowski, an Israeli with dual training in cardiology and electrical engineering, working in Baltimore, invented the implanted cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). A steady drumbeat of successful clinical trials has greatly extended the indications for ICD implantation both in primary and secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death. 1958. CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY Cardiac catheterisation paved the way for selective coronary arteriography, performed first in 1958 by Mason Sones of the Cleveland Clinic, who injected contrast dye directly into the coronary arteries, to image these vessels. This technique made possible coronary revascularisation, first surgical and then percutaneous. 1961. PREVENTIVE CARDIOLOGY Already in 1938 Paul Dudley White from Boston pioneered the concept of cardiovascular prevention. His advocacy led to the establishment of the Framingham Heart Study to identify coronary risk factors. In a paper published in 1961 investigators identified hypertension, smoking, and ECG evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy as risk factors. Based on these and other subsequently identified risk factors, the primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD) has been responsible for almost one-half of the 70 % decline in age-adjusted deaths from CAD. 1962. THE CORONARY CARE UNIT (CCU) Desmond Julian, then a trainee at the Royal Infirmary in Edinburgh, first articulated the concept of CCUs in 1962. His vision foresaw acute myocardial infarct (AMI) patients together in the same unit, with continuous ECG monitoring, resuscitation equipment to hand, and specially trained staff on standby. The in-hospital mortality of AMI was immediately reduced by 50 %. 1962. CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS In 1962 James Black, while working for ICI in the UK, developed beta-blocking agents to block the cardiac stimulating action of noradrenaline and reduce the heart’s need for oxygen. The first angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE) captopril was isolated in the 1970s by Cushman and Ondetti while working at the Squibb Laboratories in the US. The first statin was isolated by Japanese biochemist Akira Endo of Sankyo Pharmaceuticals in 1976, and based on the LDL-cholesterol pathway developed by Brown and Goldstein. 1977. INVASIVE CARDIOLOGY Andreas Gruentzig, working in Zurich, expanded the use of cardiac catheters from diagnostic tools into powerful therapeutic devices. In 1977 he developed balloon angioplasty for expanding the lumens of narrowed arteries, which has been followed by stenting, first with bare metal stents and later with drug-eluting stents. No one will doubt the important value of the top-10 milestones in cardiology as presented by Braunwald. These 10 milestones have definitively changed the cardiovascular landscape over time and moved the field into a new direction [2–6]. However, there have been many more milestones in cardiovascular medicine both in the eras before the 20th century and in the 20th century. I will shortly list 10 other milestones in cardiovascular medicine. 1500. CARDIAC ANATOMY Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) was one of the first to anatomically study the vascular system by section of the human body. Da Vinci depicted detailed images of the heart and great vessels. 1628. CIRCULATION William Harvey (1578–1657), an English physician, was the first to describe completely and in detail the systemic circulation in 1628. Based on his discovery, Harvey has been considered to be one of the 10 most influential people of the second millennium. 1816. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION René Théophile Hyacinthe Laennec (1781–1826) was a French physician who invented the stethoscope in 1816 in Paris, France. Needless to say that the stethoscope has become the most important ‘conversation piece’ of the clinician. 1944. CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE SURGERY Apart from the closure of a patent ductus arteriosus by Robert Gross in 1938, another historical milestone was performed in 1944 at the Johns Hopkins Hospital (Baltimore, USA) by the surgeon Alfred Blalock together with the cardiologist Helen Taussig and the technician Vivien Thomas by creating a connection between oxygen-rich and oxygen-deprived blood vessels to cure ‘blue babies’ (the so-called Blalock-Taussig shunt, being the separation of one branch of the subclavian artery or carotid artery and connection with the pulmonary artery). 1976. CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS SURGERY (CABG) In 1967, the cardiac surgeon René Favoloro (Argentina) performed the first documented saphenous aorto-coronary bypass graft (CABG) at the Cleveland Clinic (Ohio, USA) in a 51-year-old woman with total occlusion of the proximal third of the right coronary artery. Over the years, CABG has become the preferred treatment for disease of the left main coronary artery, disease of all three coronary vessels, diffuse disease not amenable to treatment with percutaneous coronary intervention. 1967. HEART TRANSPLANT In 1967, Dr. Christiaan Barnard became the first surgeon to perform a human-to-human heart transplant in Cape Town, South Africa. Although the procedure had a high mortality at the start, the current 10-year survival rate is 70 %. 1980 (and beyond). MODERN CARDIAC IMAGING Although echocardiography revolutionised myocardial imaging in the 1970s (and still does)[7], today non-invasive cardiac imaging includes nuclear cardiology, magnetic resonance imaging and cardiac CT [8–10]. 1998. RADIOFREQUENCY CATHETER ABLATION (RFCA) The first catheter ablation in humans was performed by Melvin Scheinman (San Francisco, USA) in 1981, using high-energy direct current shocks. This work has led directly to the development of radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA). In 1998, Michelle Haissaguerre, a cardiac electrophysiologist in Bordeaux, France first described the use of RFCA for patients with atrial fibrillation. The success rate of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation is superior to the efficacy of antiarrhythmic drugs; sinus rhythm is restored in approximately 85 % of cases at 1 year and 52 % at 5 years. 2000.CARDIAC RESYNCHRONISATION THERAPY (CRT) In 2000, the benefits of cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) were for the first time described by various scientific groups around the world as a new non-pharmacological modality to treat patients with heart failure. Most clinical CRT studies have shown decreases in hospitalisation and morbidity as well as improvements in quality of life. 2002. TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE IMPLANTATION (TAVI) In 2002, the Frenchman Alain Cribier implanted the first transcatheter aortic valve in a patient at the University Hospital of Rouen, France, on 16 April 2002. More than 10 years after the first case, TAVI shows similar results to surgery in high-risk patients and superior results to medical therapy in inoperable patients. Even this list is far from complete (just think of treatment of cardiomyopathies, channelopathies, Brugada syndrome, stem cell therapy, cardiogenetics), indicating the tremendous advances in the world of cardiology, cardiac surgery and paediatric cardiology over the years. To that purpose, a historical canon will be produced with 50 different windows, highlighting the most important achievements in cardiovascular medicine. The canon will be presented at the Annual Spring Congress of the NVVC, 3–4 April, Amsterdam, at the occasion of the 80-year anniversary of our annual society in 2014.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                v.a.w.m.umans@mca.nl
                ernst.van.der.wall@icin.nl
                Journal
                Neth Heart J
                Neth Heart J
                Netherlands Heart Journal
                Bohn Stafleu van Loghum (Houten )
                1568-5888
                1876-6250
                27 February 2014
                27 February 2014
                April 2014
                : 22
                : 4
                : 135-136
                Affiliations
                [ ]Medisch Centrum Alkmaar, Wilhelminalaan 12, 1815 JD Alkmaar, the Netherlands
                [ ]Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN) - Netherlands Heart Institute (NHI), PO Box 19258, 3501 DG Utrecht, the Netherlands
                Article
                537
                10.1007/s12471-014-0537-9
                3954927
                24574315
                412e3bc5-30df-4201-b3db-3f129fed927a
                © The Author(s) 2014

                Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.

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