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      Evaluation of Protective Efficacy of Influenza Virus Like Particles Prepared from H5N1 Virus of Clade 2.2.1.2 in Chickens

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          Abstract

          Highly pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) viruses continue to cause severe economic losses in poultry species worldwide. HPAI virus of subtype H5N1 was reported in Egypt in 2006, and despite vaccination efforts, the virus has become endemic. The current study aims to evaluate the efficacy of a virus-like particle (VLP) based vaccine in vivo using specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. The vaccine was prepared from the HPAI H5N1 virus of clade 2.2.1.2 using the baculovirus expression system. The VLPs were quantitated and characterized, including electron microscopy. In addition, the protection level of the VLPs was evaluated by using two different regimens, including one dose and two-dose vaccinated groups, which gave up to 70% and 100% protection level, respectively. The results of this study emphasize the potential usefulness of the VLPs-based vaccine as an alternative vaccine candidate for the control of AIV infection in poultry.

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          Virus-like particles in vaccine development.

          António Roldão, Maria Candida M. Mellado, Leda R. Castilho … (2014)
          Virus-like particles (VLPs) are multiprotein structures that mimic the organization and conformation of authentic native viruses but lack the viral genome, potentially yielding safer and cheaper vaccine candidates. A handful of prophylactic VLP-based vaccines is currently commercialized worldwide: GlaxoSmithKline's Engerix (hepatitis B virus) and Cervarix (human papillomavirus), and Merck and Co., Inc.'s Recombivax HB (hepatitis B virus) and Gardasil (human papillomavirus) are some examples. Other VLP-based vaccine candidates are in clinical trials or undergoing preclinical evaluation, such as, influenza virus, parvovirus, Norwalk and various chimeric VLPs. Many others are still restricted to small-scale fundamental research, despite their success in preclinical tests. This article focuses on the essential role of VLP technology in new-generation vaccines against prevalent and emergent diseases. The implications of large-scale VLP production are discussed in the context of process control, monitorization and optimization. The main up- and down-stream technical challenges are identified and discussed accordingly. Successful VLP-based vaccine blockbusters are briefly presented concomitantly with the latest results from clinical trials and the recent developments in chimeric VLP-based technology for either therapeutic or prophylactic vaccination.
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            Current status of veterinary vaccines.

            E N Meeusen, Paul-Pierre Pastoret, John Walker … (2007)
            The major goals of veterinary vaccines are to improve the health and welfare of companion animals, increase production of livestock in a cost-effective manner, and prevent animal-to-human transmission from both domestic animals and wildlife. These diverse aims have led to different approaches to the development of veterinary vaccines from crude but effective whole-pathogen preparations to molecularly defined subunit vaccines, genetically engineered organisms or chimeras, vectored antigen formulations, and naked DNA injections. The final successful outcome of vaccine research and development is the generation of a product that will be available in the marketplace or that will be used in the field to achieve desired outcomes. As detailed in this review, successful veterinary vaccines have been produced against viral, bacterial, protozoal, and multicellular pathogens, which in many ways have led the field in the application and adaptation of novel technologies. These veterinary vaccines have had, and continue to have, a major impact not only on animal health and production but also on human health through increasing safe food supplies and preventing animal-to-human transmission of infectious diseases. The continued interaction between animals and human researchers and health professionals will be of major importance for adapting new technologies, providing animal models of disease, and confronting new and emerging infectious diseases.
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              Vaccine adjuvants: current state and future trends.

              Nikolai Petrovsky, Julio Aguilar (2004)
              The problem with pure recombinant or synthetic antigens used in modern day vaccines is that they are generally far less immunogenic than older style live or killed whole organism vaccines. This has created a major need for improved and more powerful adjuvants for use in these vaccines. With few exceptions, alum remains the sole adjuvant approved for human use in the majority of countries worldwide. Although alum is able to induce a good antibody (Th2) response, it has little capacity to stimulate cellular (Th1) immune responses which are so important for protection against many pathogens. In addition, alum has the potential to cause severe local and systemic side-effects including sterile abscesses, eosinophilia and myofascitis, although fortunately most of the more serious side-effects are relatively rare. There is also community concern regarding the possible role of aluminium in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Consequently, there is a major unmet need for safer and more effective adjuvants suitable for human use. In particular, there is demand for safe and non-toxic adjuvants able to stimulate cellular (Th1) immunity. Other needs in light of new vaccine technologies are adjuvants suitable for use with mucosally-delivered vaccines, DNA vaccines, cancer and autoimmunity vaccines. Each of these areas are highly specialized with their own unique needs in respect of suitable adjuvant technology. This paper reviews the state of the art in the adjuvant field, explores future directions of adjuvant development and finally examines some of the impediments and barriers to development and registration of new human adjuvants. Copyright 2004 Australasian Society for Immunology Inc.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Romain Paillot: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Vaccines (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Vaccines (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): vaccines
                Title: Vaccines
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2076-393X
                Publication date (Electronic): 01 July 2021
                Publication date Collection: July 2021
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: 715
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza 12618, Egypt; naglaahagagahri@ 123456gmail.com (N.M.H.); mahmoud.naguib@ 123456imbim.uu.se (M.M.N.); abd.arafa@ 123456gmail.com (A.S.A.)
                [2 ]Medigen, Inc., Frederick, MD 21701, USA; ppushko@ 123456medigen-usa.com (P.P.); itretyakova@ 123456medigen-usa.com (I.T.)
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1571-0518
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6876-8903
                Article
                Publisher ID: vaccines-09-00715
                DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070715
                PMC ID: 8310281
                PubMed ID: 34358131
                SO-VID: 413fcb93-705f-4327-808e-909a2eb3232b
                Copyright © © 2021 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 26 May 2021
                Date accepted : 28 June 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Communication

                Keywords: virus like particles,highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1,clade 2.2.1.2,protection study
                Data availability:
                Keywords: virus like particles, highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1, clade 2.2.1.2, protection study

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