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      Prevalence of pectus excavatum (PE), pectus carinatum (PC), tracheal hypoplasia, thoracic spine deformities and lateral heart displacement in thoracic radiographs of screw-tailed brachycephalic dogs

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          Abstract

          Pectus excavatum, thoracic spine deformities, tracheal hypoplasia and lateral heart displacement are frequently described in brachycephalic dog breeds. Pectus carinatum is described sporadically, although the authors' observations demonstrate that it may occur in certain brachycephalic dog breeds. It was hypothesised that dogs of screw-tailed brachycephalic breeds carry a greater risk of these anomalies than normal-tailed brachycephalic breeds, and that there could a relation between the presence of pectus excavatum or pectus carinatum and thoracic spine deformities, tracheal hypoplasia and lateral heart displacement. During retrospective studies, these anomalies were identified in lateral and dorso-ventral radiographs of the thorax in brachycephalic dog breeds. A statistical analysis revealed that the frequency of pectus excavatum occurrence in screw-tailed and normal-tailed brachycephalic dog breeds is similar. The greatest risk of pectus excavatum occurrence is carried by two breeds: Maltese (60%) and English Bulldog (58%), while for pectus carinatum: Pug (41%) and French Bulldog (18%). Dogs of screw-tailed brachycephalic breeds carry a greater risk of kyphosis (p < 0.0001), tracheal hypoplasia occurrence (p < 0.0001), compared to "normal-tailed" breeds. The hypothesis concerning a relation between the presence of pectus excavatum or pectus carinatum and the other anomalies studied was not confirmed (p > 0.05). It was demonstrated that in dogs of brachycephalic breeds there was a greater risk of co-incidence between kyphosis of the thoracic spine and lateral heart displacement (p = 0.038), as well as kyphosis of the thoracic spine and tracheal hypoplasia (p = 0.003).

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          Thoracic kyphosis: range in normal subjects.

          Thoracic kyphosis was measured on chest radiographs of 316 "normal" subjects by means of a modification of the Cobb technique for measuring scoliosis. Patients were accepted as "normal" if they had no thoracic or spinal complaints or radiographic abnormalities in the chest including the thoracic spine. A total of 159 males and 157 female subjects 2-77 years old was studied. The relation among age, gender, and kyphosis were determined using least squares fits of first-order linear mathematical models. These results were also used to determine the expected ranges of kyphosis for a "normal" patient of a given age and gender. The degree of kyphosis increased with age and the rate of increase was higher in females than in males. Clinical explanations for this differential increase are discussed.
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            Correspondence analysis in medical research

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              Brachycephalic airway syndrome.

              Brachycephalic airway syndrome is a common finding in brachycephalic breeds. A combination of primary and secondary changes can progress to life-threatening laryngeal collapse. Early recognition of primary anatomic abnormalities that include stenotic nares, elongated soft palate, and hypoplastic trachea would allow the clinician to make early recommendations for medical and surgical management, which can improve the quality of life in affected animals.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: InvestigationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: InvestigationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: InvestigationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                10 October 2019
                2019
                : 14
                : 10
                : e0223642
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Laboratory for Radiology and Ultrasonography Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Science, Lublin, Poland
                [2 ] National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
                University of Bari, ITALY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                ‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6198-5825
                Article
                PONE-D-18-36551
                10.1371/journal.pone.0223642
                6786652
                31600285
                415ca30e-9783-44ca-ae76-67275a9ac234
                © 2019 Komsta et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 21 December 2018
                : 25 September 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 3, Pages: 14
                Funding
                The authors received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Animal Types
                Pets and Companion Animals
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Animal Types
                Pets and Companion Animals
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Vertebrates
                Amniotes
                Mammals
                Dogs
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Cardiovascular Anatomy
                Heart
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Cardiovascular Anatomy
                Heart
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Rheumatology
                Kyphosis
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Spine
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Spine
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Thorax
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Thorax
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Veterinary Science
                Veterinary Medicine
                Veterinary Diagnostics
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Spine
                Vertebrae
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Spine
                Vertebrae
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

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                Uncategorized

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