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      Body-composition changes in the Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE)-2 study: a 2-y randomized controlled trial of calorie restriction in nonobese humans 1 2 3

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          Abstract

          Background: Calorie restriction (CR) retards aging and increases longevity in many animal models. However, it is unclear whether CR can be implemented in humans without adverse effects on body composition.

          Objective: We evaluated the effect of a 2-y CR regimen on body composition including the influence of sex and body mass index (BMI; in kg/m 2) among participants enrolled in CALERIE-2 (Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy), a multicenter, randomized controlled trial.

          Design: Participants were 218 nonobese (BMI: 21.9–28.0) adults aged 21–51 y who were randomly assigned to 25% CR (CR, n = 143) or ad libitum control (AL, n = 75) in a 2:1 ratio. Measures at baseline and 12 and 24 mo included body weight, waist circumference, fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), and appendicular mass by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; activity-related energy expenditure (AREE) by doubly labeled water; and dietary protein intake by self-report. Values are expressed as means ± SDs.

          Results: The CR group achieved 11.9% ± 0.7% CR over 2-y and had significant decreases in weight (−7.6 ± 0.3 compared with 0.4 ± 0.5 kg), waist circumference (−6.2 ± 0.4 compared with 0.9 ± 0.5 cm), FM (−5.4 ± 0.3 compared with 0.5 ± 0.4 kg), and FFM (−2.0 ± 0.2 compared with −0.0 ± 0.2 kg) at 24 mo relative to the AL group (all between-group P < 0.001). Moreover, FFM as a percentage of body weight at 24 mo was higher, and percentage of FM was lower in the CR group than in the AL. AREE, but not protein intake, predicted preservation of FFM during CR ( P < 0.01). Men in the CR group lost significantly more trunk fat ( P = 0.03) and FFM expressed as a percentage of weight loss ( P < 0.001) than women in the CR group.

          Conclusions: Two years of CR had broadly favorable effects on both whole-body and regional adiposity that could facilitate health span in humans. The decrements in FFM were commensurate with the reduced body mass; although men in the CR group lost more FFM than the women did, the percentage of FFM in the men in the CR group was higher than at baseline. CALERIE was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00427193.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Am J Clin Nutr
          Am. J. Clin. Nutr
          ajcn
          The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
          American Society for Nutrition
          0002-9165
          1938-3207
          April 2017
          22 February 2017
          1 April 2018
          : 105
          : 4
          : 913-927
          Affiliations
          [4 ]Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA;
          [5 ]Duke Clinical Research Institute and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC;
          [6 ]Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO;
          [7 ]Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Brescia University Medical School, Brescia, Italy;
          [8 ]CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Napoli, Italy;
          [9 ]Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA;
          [10 ]USDA/Agricultural Research Services, Children’s Nutrition Research Center at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and
          [11 ]University of California, San Francisco, CA
          Author notes
          [* ]To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: sai.das@ 123456tufts.edu .
          [1]

          Supported by the National Institute on Aging, NIH (U01AG022132, U01AG020478, U01AG020487, U01AG020480, and U24-AG047121), and the USDA Specific Cooperative Agreement 58-1950-0-014.

          [2]

          Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Institute on Aging, NIH, or the USDA.

          [3]

          Supplemental Tables 1 and 2 are available from the “Online Supporting Material” link in the online posting of the article and from the same link in the online table of contents at http://ajcn.nutrition.org.

          [12]

          Present address: Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX.

          [13]

          Present address: Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA.

          Author information
          http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0788-0461
          http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5388-600X
          http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1365-7960
          http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3626-1195
          http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8125-4015
          http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6932-1887
          http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9085-8558
          http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1930-9684
          http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7147-5850
          http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3626-1195
          http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4809-1725
          http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2236-9020
          http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4529-1641
          http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2129-547X
          http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7267-7374
          Article
          PMC5366044 PMC5366044 5366044 137232
          10.3945/ajcn.116.137232
          5366044
          28228420
          41755af6-5612-414f-b18a-373484bf0677
          © 2017 American Society for Nutrition
          History
          : 1 May 2016
          : 19 January 2017
          Page count
          Pages: 15
          Categories
          5009
          Aging

          body composition,long-term,humans,calorie restriction,nonobese

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