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      Neural correlates of an early attentional capture by positive distractor words

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          Abstract

          Exogenous or automatic attention to emotional distractors has been observed for emotional scenes and faces. In the language domain, however, automatic attention capture by emotional words has been scarcely investigated. In the current event-related potentials study we explored distractor effects elicited by positive, negative and neutral words in a concurrent but distinct target distractor paradigm. Specifically, participants performed a digit categorization task in which task-irrelevant words were flanked by numbers. The results of both temporo-spatial principal component and source location analyses revealed the existence of early distractor effects that were specifically triggered by positive words. At the scalp level, task-irrelevant positive compared to neutral and negative words elicited larger amplitudes in an anterior negative component that peaked around 120 ms. Also, at the voxel level, positive distractor words increased activity in orbitofrontal regions compared to negative words. These results suggest that positive distractor words quickly and automatically capture attentional resources diverting them from the task where attention was voluntarily directed.

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          Most cited references103

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          Attentional bias in emotional disorders.

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            Effects of attention and emotion on face processing in the human brain: an event-related fMRI study.

            We used event-related fMRI to assess whether brain responses to fearful versus neutral faces are modulated by spatial attention. Subjects performed a demanding matching task for pairs of stimuli at prespecified locations, in the presence of task-irrelevant stimuli at other locations. Faces or houses unpredictably appeared at the relevant or irrelevant locations, while the faces had either fearful or neutral expressions. Activation of fusiform gyri by faces was strongly affected by attentional condition, but the left amygdala response to fearful faces was not. Right fusiform activity was greater for fearful than neutral faces, independently of the attention effect on this region. These results reveal differential influences on face processing from attention and emotion, with the amygdala response to threat-related expressions unaffected by a manipulation of attention that strongly modulates the fusiform response to faces.
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              The orbitofrontal cortex and reward.

              E Rolls (2000)
              The primate orbitofrontal cortex contains the secondary taste cortex, in which the reward value of taste is represented. It also contains the secondary and tertiary olfactory cortical areas, in which information about the identity and also about the reward value of odors is represented. The orbitofrontal cortex also receives information about the sight of objects and faces from the temporal lobe cortical visual areas, and neurons in it learn and reverse the visual stimulus to which they respond when the association of the visual stimulus with a primary reinforcing stimulus (such as a taste reward) is reversed. However, the orbitofrontal cortex is involved in representing negative reinforcers (punishers) too, such as aversive taste, and in rapid stimulus-reinforcement association learning for both positive and negative primary reinforcers. In complementary neuroimaging studies in humans it is being found that areas of the orbitofrontal cortex (and connected subgenual cingulate cortex) are activated by pleasant touch, by painful touch, by rewarding and aversive taste, and by odor. Damage to the orbitofrontal cortex in humans can impair the learning and reversal of stimulus- reinforcement associations, and thus the correction of behavioral responses when these are no longer appropriate because previous reinforcement contingencies change. This evidence thus shows that the orbitofrontal cortex is involved in decoding and representing some primary reinforcers such as taste and touch; in learning and reversing associations of visual and other stimuli to these primary reinforcers; and in controlling and correcting reward-related and punishment-related behavior, and thus in emotion.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Psychol
                Front Psychol
                Front. Psychol.
                Frontiers in Psychology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-1078
                26 January 2015
                2015
                : 6
                : 24
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, Spain
                [2] 2Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, Spain
                [3] 3Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Madrid, Spain
                [4] 4Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
                Author notes

                Edited by: Cornelia Herbert, University Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tuebingen, Germany

                Reviewed by: Lars Kuchinke, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Germany; Johanna Maria Kissler, University of Bielefeld, Germany

                *Correspondence: José A. Hinojosa, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII, 1, Madrid 28040, Spain e-mail: hinojosa@ 123456pluri.ucm.es

                This article was submitted to Language Sciences, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology.

                Article
                10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00024
                4306316
                25674070
                41899168-cb9f-4df9-91ad-c5e22bc373e3
                Copyright © 2015 Hinojosa, Mercado, Albert, Barjola, Peláez, Villalba-García and Carretié.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 25 September 2014
                : 07 January 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 126, Pages: 13, Words: 0
                Categories
                Psychology
                Original Research Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                emotion,positive distractors,anterior n1,word processing,event-related potentials

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