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      Infecciones invasivas por Streptococcus pneumoniae: estudio epidemiológico e importancia del desarrollo de un sistema de vigilancia Translated title: Invasive streptoccocus pneumoniae

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      Revista de la Sociedad Boliviana de Pediatría
      Sociedad Boliviana de Pediatría
      Streptococcus, pneumoniae, infecciones neumocócica, epidemiología, Streptococcus, pneumoniae, pneumococcal infections, epidemiology

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          Abstract

          Las infecciones invasivas por Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) producen mortalidad elevada en países en desarrollo, con tasas entre 4 y 100 veces mayores que las de Estados Unidos o Canadá. Es el primer agente causal de neumonía en la infancia y de meningitis fuera de los brotes epidémicos por Neisseria meningitidis. La OPS, a través del grupo SIREVA, dedicado al desarrollo de vacunas en Latinoamérica, organizó un programa de vigilancia de infecciones invasivas por Spn en seis países: Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, México y Uruguay, iniciado en 1993 y que continúa actualmente. En Argentina participan en la actualidad más de 20 centros hospitalarios distribuidos en todas las áreas geográficas del país, actuando como Centro Nacional de referencia para la serotipificación y determinación de la resistencia a los antibióticos el Instituto ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán". Objetivos: 1) Determinar los serotipos predominantes, su resistencia a los antibióticos y los cambios temporales en infecciones invasivas por Spn de niños menores de 5 años de edad. 2) Obtener información confiable para la formulación de una vacuna conjugada adecuada para la región. Metodología: diseño prospectivo observacional. Se incluyeron todos los niños menores de 6 años de edad internados por infecciones invasivas (neumonía, meningitis, sepsis o bacteriemia), en los que se aisló Spn de un sitio previamente estéril. Se realizó control externo de confiabilidad de los resultados, inicialmente en el laboratorio de referencia de Canadá y actualmente en el Instituto Adolfo Lutz de San Pablo. El análisis estadístico se realizó con EPIINFO 6 y con el programa WHONET de OMS. Resultados: se destacan los siguientes hallazgos: Se aisló Spn en 1.390 muestras clínicas. La edad media (N= 1.175) fue de 19,5 meses, con 74,4% - 2 años; fueron neumonías 60,5%; meningitis 26,6%, sepsis 8,2%. Se halló sensibilidad disminuida a penicilina en 32,1% (414/1.288), con resistencia alta 16,1% e intermedia 16%. La resistencia a los antibióticos betalactámicos se incrementó en el período 1993-8. Los serotipos prevalentes fueron: 14 (32,5%), 6A/ 6B, 9V, 23F, 19F, 18C, 4, 5, 1. Los serotipos 14 y 6AB prevalecieron en menores de 2 años mientras que el 5 y el 1 prevalecieron en mayores de 2 años (p <0,001). El serotipo 14, la neumonía y la edad menor de 2 años fueron los factores de riesgo para resistencia a penicilina. La representatividad para las vacunas conjugadas 7-valente, 9-valente y 11-valente fue de 53,3%, 77,4% y 82,6% respectivamente, mayor para la 7-valente en los menores de 2 años (61,2%) y en los menores de 2 años con neumonía (71,2%). Más del 90% de los serotipos aislados con algún grado de resistencia estuvieron contenidos en las tres vacunas analizadas. Conclusiones: un programa nacional de vigilancia de Spn invasivo fue desarrollado en Argentina y otros países latinoamericanos. Se identificaron por primera vez los serotipos predominantes en infecciones invasivas y se comprobó el incremento significativo de la resistencia a penicilina y otros antibióticos, similar a lo informado en casi todos los países del mundo. Se obtuvo información epidemiológica válida para evaluar estrategias de prevención con nuevas vacunas.

          Translated abstract

          Since 1993, the PAHO, through the Regional Vaccine System (SIREVA Group) organized a surveillance protocol of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) infections in children less than 5 years old in six Latin-American countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Uruguay. In Argentina more than 20 hospitals are now participating in this project. Objectives: 1) to determine the predominant serotypes, the antibiotic resistance and changes along the time. 2) To know the representativity of the serotypes isolated in the new conjugated vaccines. Methodology: children less than 6 years old hospitalized by Spn invasive infections were included (pneumonia, meningitis, bacteremia o sepsis). The ANLISS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán" Institute was the reference center for Spn serotyping and antibiotic resistance determination. Results: Spn was isolated from 1.390 clinical samples. The average age was 19.5 months, 74.4% belonged to children equal or less than 2 years of age. The main clinical diagnosis were: pneumonia 60.5%, meningitits 26.6%, fever without foccus (bacteremia) or sepsis 8.2%. Decreased penicillin sensitivity (DPS) was found in 32.1% of the cases, with high resistance in 16.1% and intermediate resistance in 16%; the increase of DPS in the 1993- 98 period was significant, like in other countries. The more frequent serotypes were: 14 (32.5%), 6A/6B, 9V, 23F, 19F, 18C, 4, 5, and 1. Serotypes 14 and 6AB were prevalent in children less than 2 years old and serotypes 5 and 1, in children than 2 years older (p <0.001). Serotype 14, pneumonia and age less than 2 years were risk factors for penicillin resistance. Finally, the representativity of the serotypes in the new conjugated vaccines 7- valent, 9-valent and 11-valent was: 53.3%, 77.4% and 82.6% respectively. For the 7-valent vaccine, was higher in the less than 2 years old group (61.2%), and for this age group with pneumonia (71.2%). More than 90% of penicillin resistant serotypes were included in the three conjugated vaccines. Conclusions: a national surveillance program was developped in Argentina and other Latin-American countries. Prevalent invasive Spn serotypes were identified; a significative increase in penicillin and other antibiotic resistance was found, like in almost all countries. This epidemiologic information is of great importance for evaluating the new conjugated vaccines.

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          Most cited references21

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          Pneumococcal resistance to antibiotics.

          K Klugman (1990)
          The geographic distribution of pneumococci resistant to one or more of the antibiotics penicillin, erythromycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline appears to be expanding, and there exist foci of resistance to chloramphenicol and rifampin. Multiply resistant pneumococci are being encountered more commonly and are more often community acquired. Factors associated with infection caused by resistant pneumococci include young age, duration of hospitalization, infection with a pneumococcus of serogroup 6, 19, or 23 or serotype 14, and exposure to antibiotics to which the strain is resistant. At present, the most useful drugs for the management of resistant pneumococcal infections are cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, vancomycin, and rifampin. If the strains are susceptible, chloramphenicol may be useful as an alternative, less expensive agent. Appropriate interventions for the control of resistant pneumococcal outbreaks include investigation of the prevalence of resistant strains, isolation of patients, possible treatment of carriers, and reduction of usage of antibiotics to which the strain is resistant. The molecular mechanisms of penicillin resistance are related to the structure and function of penicillin-binding proteins, and the mechanisms of resistance to other agents involved in multiple resistance are being elucidated. Recognition is increasing of the standard screening procedure for penicillin resistance, using a 1-microgram oxacillin disk.
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            Antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: an overview.

            Clinical resistance to penicillin in Streptococcus pneumoniae was first reported by researchers in Boston in 1965; subsequently, this phenomenon was reported from Australia (1967) and South Africa (1977). Since these early reports, penicillin resistance has been encountered with increasing frequency in strains of S. pneumoniae from around the world. In South Africa strains resistant to penicillin and chloramphenicol as well as multiresistant strains have been isolated. Similar patterns of resistance have been reported from Spain. Preliminary evidence points to a high prevalence of resistant pneumococci in Hungary, other countries of Eastern Europe, and some countries in other areas of Europe, notably France. In the United States most reports of resistant pneumococci come from Alaska and the South, but resistance is increasing in other states and in Canada. Pneumococcal resistance has also been described in Zambia, Japan, Malaysia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Chile, and Brazil; information from other African, Asian, and South American countries is not available. The rising prevalence of penicillin-resistant pneumococci worldwide mandates selective susceptibility testing and epidemiological investigations during outbreaks.
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              Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among respiratory tract isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in North America: 1997 results from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program.

              As part of the ongoing multinational SENTRY antimicrobial resistance surveillance program, a total of 1,047 respiratory tract isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 845 from 27 United States medical centers and 202 from seven Canadian institutions, were collected between February and June 1997 and characterized in a central laboratory. In the United States, the overall percentages of penicillin-intermediate strains and strains with high-level resistance to penicillin were 27.8% and 16.0%, respectively. In Canada, these values were 21.8% and 8.4%, respectively. Among the 31 centers in the United States and Canada that contributed at least 19 isolates, the combined rate of intermediate plus resistant strains varied between 24.0% and 67.8%. The in vitro activity of 19 other antimicrobials was assessed against all study isolates. Overall rates of resistance among selected agents in the United States and Canada, respectively, were as follows: amoxicillin, 18.1% and 10.5%; cefaclor, 38.3% and 26.2%; cefuroxime, 19.5% and 12.9%; cefpodoxime, 18.6% and 11.4%; cefepime, 8.2% and 4.5%; cefotaxime, 4.0% and 3.0%; macrolides (i.e., erythromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin), 11.7%-14.3% and 5.0%-7.4%; clindamycin, 3.5% and 3.5%; chloramphenicol, 3.9% and 4.0%; tetracycline, 10.2% and 10.9%; and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 19.8% and 15.8%.
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                Journal
                rbp
                Revista de la Sociedad Boliviana de Pediatría
                Rev. bol. ped.
                Sociedad Boliviana de Pediatría (La Paz, , Bolivia )
                1024-0675
                June 2004
                : 43
                : 2
                : 107-115
                Affiliations
                [19] Santa Fe orgnameHospital de Niños ‘Dr. O. Alassia’
                [24] orgnameHospital de Niños ‘Dr. R. Gutiérrez’ Buenos Aires
                [31] Mar del Plata orgnameHIEMI ‘Dr. V. Tetamanti’ Buenos Aires
                [02] orgnameINEI orgdiv1ANLIS ‘Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán’
                [30] Rosario Santa Fe orgnameHospital de Niños ‘Dr. V. J. Vilela’
                [18] Posadas Misiones orgnameHospital Provincial de Pediatría
                [26] Neuquén orgnameHospital Provincial ‘Castro Rendón’
                [29] orgnameHospital ‘Dr. C. G. Durand’ Buenos Aires
                [22] Córdoba orgnameHospital Infantil Municipal
                [28] Santa Fe orgnameHospital Municipal ‘Dr. J. B. Iturraspe’
                [23] Mendoza orgnameHospital de Niños ‘Dr. H. Notti’
                [01] orgnameOPS
                [03] orgnameINEI orgdiv1ANLIS ‘Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán’ orgdiv2Microbiología
                [25] Buenos Aires orgnameHospital de Niños de San Justo
                [20] Córdoba orgnameHospital de Niños ‘Santísima Trinidad’
                [16] La Plata orgnameHospital de Niños ‘Sor María Ludovica’ Buenos Aires
                [17] orgnameHospital Nacional de Pediatría ‘Dr. J. P. Garrahan’ Buenos Aires
                [15] Washington DC orgnameOPS orgdiv1proyecto SIREVA
                [14] orgnameHospital de Niños ‘Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez’
                [27] Tucumán orgnameHospital del Niño Jesús
                [21] orgnameHospital de Niños ‘Dr. P. de Elizalde’ Buenos Aires
                Article
                S1024-06752004000200014
                41903052-ca4b-4d90-ac6d-b7b1d862ecf6

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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                SciELO Bolivia


                Streptococcus,pneumoniae,infecciones neumocócica,epidemiología,pneumococcal infections,epidemiology

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