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      Ocean Acidification and Coastal Marine Invertebrates: Tracking CO2 Effects from Seawater to the Cell

      1 , 2 , 3 , 4
      Annual Review of Marine Science
      Annual Reviews

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          Abstract

          In the last few decades, numerous studies have investigated the impacts of simulated ocean acidification on marine species and communities, particularly those inhabiting dynamic coastal systems. Despite these research efforts, there are many gaps in our understanding, particularly with respect to physiological mechanisms that lead to pathologies. In this review, we trace how carbonate system disturbances propagate from the coastal environment into marine invertebrates and highlight mechanistic links between these disturbances and organism function. We also point toward several processes related to basic invertebrate biology that are severely understudied and prevent an accurate understanding of how carbonate system dynamics influence organismic homeostasis and fitness-related traits. We recommend that significant research effort be directed to studying cellular phenotypes of invertebrates acclimated or adapted to elevated seawater pCO 2 using biochemical and physiological methods.

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          Most cited references135

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          Impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms: quantifying sensitivities and interaction with warming

          Ocean acidification represents a threat to marine species worldwide, and forecasting the ecological impacts of acidification is a high priority for science, management, and policy. As research on the topic expands at an exponential rate, a comprehensive understanding of the variability in organisms' responses and corresponding levels of certainty is necessary to forecast the ecological effects. Here, we perform the most comprehensive meta-analysis to date by synthesizing the results of 228 studies examining biological responses to ocean acidification. The results reveal decreased survival, calcification, growth, development and abundance in response to acidification when the broad range of marine organisms is pooled together. However, the magnitude of these responses varies among taxonomic groups, suggesting there is some predictable trait-based variation in sensitivity, despite the investigation of approximately 100 new species in recent research. The results also reveal an enhanced sensitivity of mollusk larvae, but suggest that an enhanced sensitivity of early life history stages is not universal across all taxonomic groups. In addition, the variability in species' responses is enhanced when they are exposed to acidification in multi-species assemblages, suggesting that it is important to consider indirect effects and exercise caution when forecasting abundance patterns from single-species laboratory experiments. Furthermore, the results suggest that other factors, such as nutritional status or source population, could cause substantial variation in organisms' responses. Last, the results highlight a trend towards enhanced sensitivity to acidification when taxa are concurrently exposed to elevated seawater temperature.
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            The Trichoplax genome and the nature of placozoans.

            As arguably the simplest free-living animals, placozoans may represent a primitive metazoan form, yet their biology is poorly understood. Here we report the sequencing and analysis of the approximately 98 million base pair nuclear genome of the placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens. Whole-genome phylogenetic analysis suggests that placozoans belong to a 'eumetazoan' clade that includes cnidarians and bilaterians, with sponges as the earliest diverging animals. The compact genome shows conserved gene content, gene structure and synteny in relation to the human and other complex eumetazoan genomes. Despite the apparent cellular and organismal simplicity of Trichoplax, its genome encodes a rich array of transcription factor and signalling pathway genes that are typically associated with diverse cell types and developmental processes in eumetazoans, motivating further searches for cryptic cellular complexity and/or as yet unobserved life history stages.
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              Acidification of subsurface coastal waters enhanced by eutrophication

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Annual Review of Marine Science
                Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci.
                Annual Reviews
                1941-1405
                1941-0611
                January 03 2020
                January 03 2020
                : 12
                : 1
                : 499-523
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Marine Ecology Research Division, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
                [2 ]Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;
                [3 ]College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida 33701, USA;
                [4 ]Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, USA;
                Article
                10.1146/annurev-marine-010419-010658
                31451083
                4198732d-ad21-42ae-83e3-003678a63acd
                © 2020
                History

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