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      The 2009 US Federal Cigarette Tax Increase and Quitline Utilization in 16 States

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          Abstract

          Background. On April 1, 2009, the federal cigarette excise tax increased from 39 cents to $1.01 per pack. Methods. This study describes call volumes to 16 state quitlines, characteristics of callers and cessation outcomes before and after the tax. Results. Calls to the quitlines increased by 23.5% in 2009 and more whites, smokers ≥ 25 years of age, smokers of shorter duration, those with less education, and those who live with smokers called after (versus before) the tax. Quit rates at 7 months did not differ before versus after tax. Conclusions. Descriptive analyses revealed that the federal excise tax on cigarettes was associated with increased calls to quitlines but multivariate analyses revealed no difference in quit rates. However, more callers at the same quit rate indicates an increase in total number of successful quitters. If revenue obtained from increased taxation on cigarettes is put into cessation treatment, then it is likely future excise taxes would have an even greater effect.

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          Tobacco cessation quitlines in North America: a descriptive study.

          Shu Zhu, S Cummins, Carrie Kirby … (2007)
          Quitlines have become an integral part of tobacco control efforts in the United States and Canada. The demonstrated efficacy and the convenience of telephone based counselling have led to the fast adoption of quitlines, to the point of near universal access in North America. However, information on how these quitlines operate in actual practice is not often readily available. This study describes quitline practice in North America and examines commonalities and differences across quitlines. It will serve as a source of reference for practitioners and researchers, with the aim of furthering service quality and promoting continued innovation. A self administered questionnaire survey of large, publicly funded quitlines in the United States and Canada. A total of 52 US quitlines and 10 Canadian quitlines participated. Descriptive statistics are provided regarding quitline operational structures, clinical services, quality assurance procedures, funding sources and utilisation rates. Clinical services for the 62 state/provincial quitlines are supplied by a total of 26 service providers. Nine providers operate multiple quitlines, creating greater consistency in operation than would otherwise be expected. Most quitlines offer services over extended hours (mean 96 hours/week) and have multiple language capabilities. Most (98%) use proactive multisession counselling-a key feature of protocols tested in previous experimental trials. Almost all quitlines have extensive training programmes (>60 hours) for counselling staff, and over 70% conduct regular evaluation of outcomes. About half of quitlines use the internet to provide cessation information. A little over a third of US quitlines distribute free cessation medications to eligible callers. The average utilisation rate of the US state quitlines in the 2004-5 fiscal year was about 1.0% across states, with a strong correlation between the funding level of the quitlines and the smokers' utilisation of them (r = 0.74, p<0.001). Quitlines in North America display core commonalities: they have adopted the principles of multisession proactive counselling and they conduct regular outcome evaluation. Yet variations, tested and untested, exist. Standardised reporting procedures would be of benefit to the field. Shared discussion of the rationale behind variations can inform future decision making for all North American quitlines.
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            Use of tobacco cessation treatments among young adult smokers: 2005 National Health Interview Survey.

            Oksana Pugach, Sherry Emery, Philip Curry … (2007)
            We compared use of smoking cessation treatments and factors associated with treatment use among young adult smokers and other adult smokers. We used data from the 2005 National Health Interview Survey core and cancer control supplement. The sample consisted of 6511 current smokers, of whom 759 were aged 18-24 years. Our analyses were weighted to account for differential sampling probabilities and nonresponse rates. We compared continuous measures using the t test; logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios and confidence intervals. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify correlates of treatment use. Behavioral treatment use was infrequent among all smokers (4%-5%). Young adult smokers were less likely than other smokers to use pharmacotherapy (18% vs 32%). Correlates of pharmacotherapy use for young adult smokers were receiving advice from a health care provider, heavier smoking, and higher educational attainment. Compared with other smokers, young adult smokers were less likely to have received advice to quit from a health care provider (49% vs 60%). Evidence-based tobacco cessation treatments are underused by young adult smokers.
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              Adult tobacco use levels after intensive tobacco control measures: New York City, 2002-2003.

              Anjum Hajat, Thomas Frieden, Bruce M Frankel … (2005)
              We sought to determine the impact of comprehensive tobacco control measures in New York City. In 2002, New York City implemented a tobacco control strategy of (1) increased cigarette excise taxes; (2) legal action that made virtually all work-places, including bars and restaurants, smoke free; (3) increased cessation services, including a large-scale free nicotine-patch program; (4) education; and (5) evaluation. The health department also began annual surveys on a broad array of health measures, including smoking. From 2002 to 2003, smoking prevalence among New York City adults decreased by 11% (from 21.6% to 19.2%, approximately 140000 fewer smokers). Smoking declined among all age groups, race/ethnicities, and education levels; in both genders; among both US-born and foreign-born persons; and in all 5 boroughs. Increased taxation appeared to account for the largest proportion of the decrease; however, between 2002 and 2003 the proportion of cigarettes purchased outside New York City doubled, reducing the effective price increase by a third. Concerted local action can sharply reduce smoking prevalence. However, further progress will require national action, particularly to increase cigarette taxes, reduce cigarette tax evasion, expand education and cessation services, and limit tobacco marketing.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Environ Public Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Environ Public Health
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JEPH
                Title: Journal of Environmental and Public Health
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 1687-9805
                ISSN (Electronic): 1687-9813
                Publication date (Print): 2012
                Publication date (Electronic): 8 May 2012
                Volume: 2012
                Electronic Location Identifier: 314740
                Affiliations
                1Alere Wellbeing (Formerly Free & Clear, Inc.), 999 Third Avenue Suite 2100, Seattle, WA 98104-1139, USA
                2Biostatistics, Inc., 228 E Wesley Road Ne, Atlanta, GA 30305-3710, USA
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Cristine Delnevo

                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2012/314740
                PMC ID: 3356941
                PubMed ID: 22649463
                SO-VID: 41a6132e-9d9c-4355-b922-abea5005871f
                Copyright © Copyright © 2012 Terry Bush et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 4 November 2011
                Date revision received : 10 February 2012
                Date accepted : 21 February 2012
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health

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