Time-dependent degree of conversion, Martens parameters, and flexural strength of different dual-polymerizing resin composite luting materials

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Abstract

Objective

To investigate the degree of conversion (DC), Martens hardness (HM), elastic indentation modulus (E _IT), and biaxial flexural strength (BFS) of six dual-polymerizing resin composite luting materials initially and after 2 and 7 days of aging.

Materials and methods

Specimens fabricated from Bifix QM (BIF; VOCO), Calibra Ceram (CAL; Dentsply Sirona), DuoCem (DUO; Coltène/Whaledent), G-CEM LinkForce (GCE; GC Europe), PANAVIA V5 (PAN; Kuraray Europe), and Variolink Esthetic DC (VAR; Ivoclar Vivadent) ( n = 12 per material) were light-polymerized through 1 mm thick discs (Celtra Duo, Dentsply Sirona). DC, HM, and E _IT were recorded directly after fabrication, and after 2 and 7 days of aging. As a final test, BFS was measured. Univariate ANOVAs, Kruskal–Wallis, Mann–Whitney U, Friedman, and Wilcoxon tests, and Weibull modulus were computed ( p < 0.05).

Results

While CAL presented low DC, HM, E _IT, and BFS values, DUO and BIF showed high results. Highest Weibull moduli were observed for VAR and DUO. DC and Martens parameters increased between the initial measurement and 2 days of aging, while aging for 7 days provided no further improvement.

Conclusions

The choice of dual-polymerizing resin composite luting material plays an important role regarding chemical and mechanical properties, especially with patients sensitive to toxicological issues. DUO may be recommended for bonding fixed dental prostheses, as it demonstrated significantly highest and reliable results regarding DC, HM, and BFS. As DC and HM showed an increase in the first 48 h, it may be assumed that the polymerization reaction is not completed directly after initial polymerization, which is of practical importance to dentists and patients.

Clinical relevance

The chemical and mechanical properties of dual-polymerizing resin composite luting materials influence the overall stability and long-term performance of the restoration.

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Most cited references 36

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Poisson's ratio and modern materials.

Ian Greer, R Lakes, T Rouxel … (2011)

In comparing a material's resistance to distort under mechanical load rather than to alter in volume, Poisson's ratio offers the fundamental metric by which to compare the performance of any material when strained elastically. The numerical limits are set by ½ and -1, between which all stable isotropic materials are found. With new experiments, computational methods and routes to materials synthesis, we assess what Poisson's ratio means in the contemporary understanding of the mechanical characteristics of modern materials. Central to these recent advances, we emphasize the significance of relationships outside the elastic limit between Poisson's ratio and densification, connectivity, ductility and the toughness of solids; and their association with the dynamic properties of the liquids from which they were condensed and into which they melt.

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The Effect of Resin Bonding on Long-Term Success of High-Strength Ceramics

M.B. Blatz, M. Vonderheide, J Conejo (2017)

Digital manufacturing, all-ceramics, and adhesive dentistry are currently the trendiest topics in clinical restorative dentistry. Tooth- and implant-supported fixed restorations from computer-aided design (CAD)/computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)–fabricated high-strength ceramics—namely, alumina and zirconia—are widely accepted as reliable alternatives to traditional metal-ceramic restorations. Most recent developments have focused on high-translucent monolithic full-contour zirconia restorations, which have become extremely popular in a short period of time, due to physical strength, CAD/CAM fabrication, and low cost. However, questions about proper resin bonding protocols have emerged, as they are critical for clinical success of brittle ceramics and treatment options that rely on adhesive bonds, specifically resin-bonded fixed dental prostheses or partial-coverage restorations such as inlays/onlays and veneers. Resin bonding has long been the gold standard for retention and reinforcement of low- to medium-strength silica-based ceramics but requires multiple pretreatment steps of the bonding surfaces, increasing complexity, and technique sensitivity compared to conventional cementation. Here, we critically review and discuss the evidence on resin bonding related to long-term clinical outcomes of tooth- and implant-supported high-strength ceramic restorations. Based on a targeted literature search, clinical long-term studies indicate that porcelain-veneered alumina or zirconia full-coverage crowns and fixed dental prostheses have high long-term survival rates when inserted with conventional cements. However, most of the selected studies recommend resin bonding and suggest even greater success with composite resins or self-adhesive resin cements, especially for implant-supported restorations. High-strength ceramic resin-bonded fixed dental prostheses have high long-term clinical success rates, especially when designed as a cantilever with only 1 retainer. Proper pretreatment of the bonding surfaces and application of primers or composite resins that contain special adhesive monomers are necessary. To date, there are no clinical long-term data on resin bonding of partial-coverage high-strength ceramic or monolithic zirconia restorations.

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Monomers used in resin composites: degree of conversion, mechanical properties and water sorption/solubility

Vinícius Gajewski, Carmem S. Pfeifer, Nívea R. G. Fróes-Salgado … (2012)

The organic phase of resin composites is constituted by dimethacrylate resins, the most common monomers being the bisphenol A diglycidildimethacrylate (BisGMA), its ethoxylated version (BisEMA), triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) and urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA). This study compared the homopolymers formed from the monomers used in restorative dental composites in terms of their degree of conversion (DC) and reaction kinetics (by near infra-red spectroscopy, n=3), mechanical properties (flexural modulus and strength in three point-bending, FM and FS, respectively, n=15), water sorption and solubility (WS and SL, respectively - ISO 4049, n=5). Materials were made photopolymerizable by the addition of camphoroquinone/dimethylamine ethyl methacrylate. TEGDMA showed the highest DC, followed by BisEMA, UDMA and BisGMA, both at 10 min and at 24h (p 0.001). For FS, UDMA presented the highest value (p 0.001). BisGMA showed the highest WS, and TEGDMA and BisEMA the lowest. UDMA was statistically similar to all (H0=16.074, p<0.001). TEGDMA presented the highest SL, followed by UDMA, BisGMA and BisEMA (p<0.001). The tested homopolymers presented different behaviors in terms of polymerization kinetics, flexural properties, water sorption and solubility. Therefore, the use of copolymers is justified in order to obtain high DC and mechanical properties, as well as good resistance to water degradation.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Matthias Kelch:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6412-127X

matthias.kelch@med.uni-muenchen.de

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Clin Oral Investig

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Clin Oral Investig

Title: Clinical Oral Investigations

Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )

ISSN (Print): 1432-6981

ISSN (Electronic): 1436-3771

Publication date (Electronic): 3 August 2021

Publication date PMC-release: 3 August 2021

Publication date (Print): 2022

Volume: 26

Issue: 1

Pages: 1067-1076

Affiliations

GRID grid.5252.0, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 973X, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, , University Hospital, LMU Munich, ; Goethestrasse 70, 80336 Munich, Germany

Author information

Matthias Kelch http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6412-127X

Article

Publisher ID: 4091

DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04091-4

PMC ID: 8791875

PubMed ID: 34342762

SO-VID: 41ad9b6c-e610-4f37-94ee-d5ae3be2a253

License:

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

Date received : 23 January 2021

Date accepted : 19 July 2021

Funding

Funded by: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (1024)

Open Access :

Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.

Custom metadata

ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry

Keywords: dual-polymerizing resin composite luting materials,raman spectroscopy,degree of conversion,martens hardness,elastic indentation modulus,biaxial flexural strength

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry

Keywords: dual-polymerizing resin composite luting materials, raman spectroscopy, degree of conversion, martens hardness, elastic indentation modulus, biaxial flexural strength

Time-dependent degree of conversion, Martens parameters, and flexural strength of different dual-polymerizing resin composite luting materials

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Materials and methods

Results

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Clinical relevance

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Arab Journal of Forensic Sciences & Forensic Medicine (AJFSFM)

Most cited references 36

Poisson's ratio and modern materials.

The Effect of Resin Bonding on Long-Term Success of High-Strength Ceramics

Monomers used in resin composites: degree of conversion, mechanical properties and water sorption/solubility

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