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      Real-World Treatment Patterns Of Cyclosporine Ophthalmic Emulsion And Lifitegrast Ophthalmic Solution Among Patients With Dry Eye

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          To assess adherence, non-persistence, discontinuation, and switching of topical cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion 0.05% (CYC) and lifitegrast ophthalmic solution 5% (LIF) use in the real world among patients with dry eye disease (DED).

          Design

          Retrospective insurance claims study.

          Methods

          Adult patients with DED and ≥1 prescription claim for CYC or LIF (first claim = index date) in the IBM ® MarketScan ® databases from July 2016 to February 2018 were identified. Eligible patients had continuous medical and pharmacy benefits in the 12 months pre- and post-index periods, and no prior use of the index medication. The proportion of days covered (PDC), adherence, non-persistence, discontinuation, and switching were examined over the 12-month post-index period.

          Results

          This study included 6537 CYC and 3235 LIF patients. The adherence rate was 5.9% for CYC and 9.7% for LIF; the median PDC was 0.3 for both cohorts. Overall, 70.8% of CYC and 64.4% of LIF patients discontinued treatment with median days to discontinuation of 89 and 29, respectively. Non-persistence was 7.1% for CYC and 6.8% for LIF (median days to discontinuation: 89 and 105). In addition, 5.0% switched from CYC to LIF, and 9.6% switched from LIF to CYC over the post-index period.

          Conclusion

          Over 60% of DED patients discontinued treatment within 12 months of initiation; the median time to discontinuation was 3 months for CYC and 1 month for LIF. Although this analysis did not capture the reasons why patients discontinued treatment, the results demonstrate there likely exists a significant unmet need amongst DED patients.

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          Most cited references 14

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          The pathology of dry eye: the interaction between the ocular surface and lacrimal glands.

           Kenneth Fox,  R Beuerman,  Andrew M Stern … (1998)
          Most dry-eye symptoms result from an abnormal, nonlubricative ocular surface that increases shear forces under the eyelids and diminishes the ability of the ocular surface to respond to environmental challenges. This ocular-surface dysfunction may result from immunocompromise due to systemic autoimmune disease or may occur locally from a decrease in systemic androgen support to the lacrimal gland as seen in aging, most frequently in the menopausal female. Components of the ocular surface (cornea, conjunctiva, accessory lacrimal glands, and meibomian glands), the main lacrimal gland, and interconnecting innervation act as a functional unit. When one portion is compromised, normal lacrimal support of the ocular surface is impaired. Resulting immune-based inflammation can lead to lacrimal gland and neural dysfunction. This progression yields the OS symptoms associated with dry eye. Restoration of lacrimal function involves resolution of lymphocytic activation and inflammation. This has been demonstrated in the MRL/lpr mouse using systemic androgens or cyclosporine and in the dry-eye dog using topical cyclosporine. The efficacy of cyclosporine may be due to its immunomodulatory and antiinflammatory (phosphatase inhibitory capability) functions on the ocular surface, resulting in a normalization of nerve traffic. Although the etiologies of dry eye are varied, common to all ocular-surface disease is an underlying cytokine/receptor-mediated inflammatory process. By treating this process, it may be possible to normalize the ocular surface/lacrimal neural reflex and facilitate ocular surface healing.
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            Definitions, variants, and causes of nonadherence with medication: a challenge for tailored interventions

             Jacqueline G Hugtenburg,  Lonneke Timmers,  Petra JM Elders … (2013)
            Background Nonadherence with medication is a complex and multidimensional health care problem. The causes may be related to the patient, treatment, and/or health care provider. As a consequence, substantial numbers of patients do not benefit optimally from pharmacotherapy, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality as well as increased societal costs. Several interventions may contribute to improved adherence. However, most interventions have only a modest effect. Thus, despite the many efforts made, there has been little progress made as yet in tackling the problem of nonadherence. Methods This paper summarizes the definitions and taxonomy of adherence with medication, as well as types and causes of nonadherence. In addition, interventions aimed at improvement of adherence are discussed. Conclusion There is not just one solution for the nonadherence problem that fits all patients. Most interventions to improve adherence are aimed at all patients regardless of whether they are adherent or not. Recently, a number of tailored interventions have been described in the literature. Modern techniques are useful. Electronic pill boxes combined with Short Message Service reminders are specifically designed to improve unintentional adherence and have resulted in an increase in refill adherence in diabetic patients with suboptimal adherence. Tailored Internet interventions are a possibility for influencing patient drug-taking behavior and show promising results. Tailored counseling interventions targeted at the underlying causes of nonadherence seem an attractive method for supporting patients with their use of drugs. However, despite the plausible theoretical framework, data on long-term health effects of the various interventions are not available. To improve adherence effectively, there is a need for a tailored approach based on the type and cause of nonadherence and the specific needs of the patient.
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              Doctor-patient communication, health-related beliefs, and adherence in glaucoma results from the Glaucoma Adherence and Persistency Study.

               N. Sarita Shah,  T Zimmerman,  Stanley E Kim … (2008)
              To use multiple data sources to determine drivers of patient adherence to topical ocular hypotensive therapy. Retrospective database and chart reviews in combination with prospective patient surveys. Diverse medical environments where insured patients in the research database seek care. Three hundred patients with a new claim diagnosis for open-angle glaucoma who initially were prescribed one of three prostaglandins and 103 physicians participating in the same medical plans. A structured interview addressing self-reported adherence, experiences with medication, communication with the physician, and health-related beliefs associated with adherence behavior was administered to surveyed patients. Phone interviews were conducted with participating ophthalmologists. Of adherence, medication possession ratio. Eight variables were associated independently with a lower medication possession ratio: (1) hearing all of what you know about glaucoma from your doctor (compared with some or nothing); (2) not believing that reduced vision is a risk of not taking medication as recommended; (3) having a problem paying for medications; (4) difficulty while traveling or away from home; (5) not acknowledging stinging and burning; (6) being nonwhite; (7) receiving samples; and (8) not receiving a phone call visit reminder. The multivariate model explained 21% of the variance. These findings indicate that doctor-patient communications and health-related beliefs of patients contribute to patient adherence. Patient learning styles that are associated with less concern about the future effects of glaucoma and the risks of not taking medications are associated with lower adherence. Specifically, knowledge about potential vision loss from glaucoma is a critical element that tends to be missed by more passive doctor-dependent patients who tend to be poorly adherent. These findings suggest that educational efforts in the office may improve patient adherence to medical therapies.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Clin Ophthalmol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Clin Ophthalmol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): OPTH
                Journal ID (pmc): clinop
                Title: Clinical Ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.)
                Publisher: Dove
                ISSN (Print): 1177-5467
                ISSN (Electronic): 1177-5483
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 November 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 13
                Pages: 2285-2292
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Ophthalmology, SkyVision Centers , Westlake, OH 44145, USA
                [2 ]Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries , Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
                [3 ]Outcomes Research, IBM Watson Health , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
                [4 ]Corneal Services and Advanced OSD Clinic, University of Pikeville Kentucky College of Optometry , Pikeville, KY 41501, USA
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Yang Zhao Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, Inc ., 2 Independence Way, Princeton, NJ08540, USATel +1 609 720 8132 Email yang.zhao@sunpharma.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: 226168
                DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S226168
                PMC ID: 6878923
                Copyright statement: © 2019 White et al.
                License:

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 2, References: 20, Pages: 8
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research

                Data availability:

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Ophthalmology & Optometry

                Keywords: lifitegrast ophthalmic solution, dry eye disease, cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion, persistence, adherence

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