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      Valoración geriátrica integral en una comunidad marginal de Ecuador Translated title: Comprehensive geriatric assessment in a marginal community of Ecuador

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          Abstract

          Resumen Antecedentes: los adultos mayores presentan enfermedades que pueden repercutir en sus parámetros funcionales, psicológicos y sociales. La Valoración Geriátrica integral (VGI) se utiliza como herramienta de evaluación de estos parámetros a través del uso de instrumentos validados, sencillos y de fácil aplicación. Objetivo: determinar el estado de salud de los adultos mayores en un área urbano-marginal de Guayaquil (Ecuador) mediante la VGI, como primer paso para poder establecer un plan de cuidados coordinado en las áreas estudiadas. Material y métodos: estudio transversal de 196 sujetos mayores de 65 años que acuden a un centro de salud comunitario de atención primaria en Guayaquil y a los que se les ha realizado una VGI. Resultados: los participantes tenían una edad media de 70,9 ± 7,1 años. Variables demográficas: el 73 % eran afroecuatorianos, el 69 % tenían instrucción básica y el 57 % no realizaban ninguna actividad física. Evaluación clínica: el 47,4 % presentaban dificultad de visión, el 52 % riesgo nutricional y el 6 % desnutrición. Valoración social: el 13 % tenían deterioro social severo; el 40 % presentaban algún deterioro cognitivo y el 8,2 % tenían depresión; el 46,9 % eran funcionalmente dependientes y el 16,8 % presentaban dinapenia. Conclusiones: la VGI permite identificar los principales problemas de salud de esta población, por lo que se considera una herramienta práctica y fácil de aplicar en los centros de atención primaria de las poblaciones urbano-marginales, como primer paso para mejorar el estado de salud de esta población mayor que en los últimos años está creciendo de forma importante en los países en vías de desarrollo tales como Ecuador.

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          Abstract Background: older adults suffer from diseases that can affect their functional, psychological and social parameters. The Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) is used as an evaluation tool for these parameters through the use of validated, simple and easy-to-apply instruments. Objective: to report the health status of older adults who attend a primary care center in an urban-marginal area of Guayaquil (Ecuador) through CGA, as a first step in order to establish a coordinated care plan in the areas studied. Material and methods: a cross-sectional assessment of 196 aged subjects with a median age of 70.9 years (83 % females) who attended a Primary Care Community Health Center in Guayaquil. Nutritional, social, demographic, functional, and cognitive variables were assessed. Results: participants had a mean age of 70.9 ± 7.1 years. Demographic variables: 73 % were Afro-Ecuadorian, 69 % had basic education, and 57 % performed no physical activity. Clinical assessment: 47.4 % presented with vision impairment, and 37.8 % with hearing problems; 52 % had nutritional risk and 6 % malnutrition. Social valuation: 13 % had severe social deterioration; 40 % had some cognitive impairment, and 8.2 % had depression; 46.9 % were functionally dependent, and 16.8 % had dynapenia. Conclusions: CGA allows to identify major health problems in this population, which is why it is considered a practical and easy tool to apply in primary care centers in marginal urban populations as a first step to improve health status for this older population, which in recent years is growing significantly in developing countries such as Ecuador.

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          Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis

          Abstract Background in 2010, the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) published a sarcopenia definition that aimed to foster advances in identifying and caring for people with sarcopenia. In early 2018, the Working Group met again (EWGSOP2) to update the original definition in order to reflect scientific and clinical evidence that has built over the last decade. This paper presents our updated findings. Objectives to increase consistency of research design, clinical diagnoses and ultimately, care for people with sarcopenia. Recommendations sarcopenia is a muscle disease (muscle failure) rooted in adverse muscle changes that accrue across a lifetime; sarcopenia is common among adults of older age but can also occur earlier in life. In this updated consensus paper on sarcopenia, EWGSOP2: (1) focuses on low muscle strength as a key characteristic of sarcopenia, uses detection of low muscle quantity and quality to confirm the sarcopenia diagnosis, and identifies poor physical performance as indicative of severe sarcopenia; (2) updates the clinical algorithm that can be used for sarcopenia case-finding, diagnosis and confirmation, and severity determination and (3) provides clear cut-off points for measurements of variables that identify and characterise sarcopenia. Conclusions EWGSOP2's updated recommendations aim to increase awareness of sarcopenia and its risk. With these new recommendations, EWGSOP2 calls for healthcare professionals who treat patients at risk for sarcopenia to take actions that will promote early detection and treatment. We also encourage more research in the field of sarcopenia in order to prevent or delay adverse health outcomes that incur a heavy burden for patients and healthcare systems.
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            A short portable mental status questionnaire for the assessment of organic brain deficit in elderly patients.

            Clinicians whose practice includes elderly patients need a short, reliable instrument to detect the presence of intellectual impairment and to determine the degree. A 10-item Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ), easily administered by any clinician in the office or in a hospital, has been designed, tested, standardized and validated. The standardization and validation procedure included administering the test to 997 elderly persons residing in the community, to 141 elderly persons referred for psychiatric and other health and social problems to a multipurpose clinic, and to 102 elderly persons living in institutions such as nursing homes, homes for the aged, or state mental hospitals. It was found that educational level and race had to be taken into account in scoring individual performance. On the basis of the large community population, standards of performance were established for: 1) intact mental functioning, 2) borderline or mild organic impairment, 3) definite but moderate organic impairment, and 4) severe organic impairment. In the 141 clinic patients, the SPMSQ scores were correlated with the clinical diagnoses. There was a high level of agreement between the clinical diagnosis of organic brain syndrome and the SPMSQ scores that indicated moderate or severe organic impairment.
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              The Continuum of Aging and Age-Related Diseases: Common Mechanisms but Different Rates

              Geroscience, the new interdisciplinary field that aims to understand the relationship between aging and chronic age-related diseases (ARDs) and geriatric syndromes (GSs), is based on epidemiological evidence and experimental data that aging is the major risk factor for such pathologies and assumes that aging and ARDs/GSs share a common set of basic biological mechanisms. A consequence is that the primary target of medicine is to combat aging instead of any single ARD/GSs one by one, as favored by the fragmentation into hundreds of specialties and sub-specialties. If the same molecular and cellular mechanisms underpin both aging and ARDs/GSs, a major question emerges: which is the difference, if any, between aging and ARDs/GSs? The hypothesis that ARDs and GSs such as frailty can be conceptualized as accelerated aging will be discussed by analyzing in particular frailty, sarcopenia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer and Parkinson as well as Down syndrome as an example of progeroid syndrome. According to this integrated view, aging and ARDs/GSs become part of a continuum where precise boundaries do not exist and the two extremes are represented by centenarians, who largely avoided or postponed most ARDs/GSs and are characterized by decelerated aging, and patients who suffered one or more severe ARDs in their 60s, 70s, and 80s and show signs of accelerated aging, respectively. In between these two extremes, there is a continuum of intermediate trajectories representing a sort of gray area. Thus, clinically different, classical ARDs/GSs are, indeed, the result of peculiar combinations of alterations regarding the same, limited set of basic mechanisms shared with the aging process. Whether an individual will follow a trajectory of accelerated or decelerated aging will depend on his/her genetic background interacting lifelong with environmental and lifestyle factors. If ARDs and GSs are manifestations of accelerated aging, it is urgent to identify markers capable of distinguishing between biological and chronological age to identify subjects at higher risk of developing ARDs and GSs. To this aim, we propose the use of DNA methylation, N-glycans profiling, and gut microbiota composition to complement the available disease-specific markers.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                October 2020
                : 37
                : 5
                : 926-932
                Affiliations
                [1] Guayaquil orgnameUniversidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil Ecuador
                [2] Granada Andalucía orgnameUniversidad de Granada Spain
                [4] Granada Andalucía orgnameUniversidad de Granada orgdiv1Instituto de Nutrición y Ciencias de los Alimentos Spain
                [3] Granada Andalucía orgnameUniversidad de Granada orgdiv1Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología Spain
                Article
                S0212-16112020000700007 S0212-1611(20)03700500007
                10.20960/nh.03040
                32960638
                41cc017b-9ae1-404b-b5da-3871a5e76782

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 13 February 2020
                : 18 July 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 37, Pages: 7
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                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Trabajos Originales

                Evaluación geriátrica integral,Atención primaria,Aged adult,Geriatric assessment,Primary Health Care,Adulto mayor

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