A systematic review of antibody mediated immunity to coronaviruses: kinetics, correlates of protection, and association with severity

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Abstract

Many public health responses and modeled scenarios for COVID-19 outbreaks caused by SARS-CoV-2 assume that infection results in an immune response that protects individuals from future infections or illness for some amount of time. The presence or absence of protective immunity due to infection or vaccination (when available) will affect future transmission and illness severity. Here, we review the scientific literature on antibody immunity to coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2 as well as the related SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs). We reviewed 2,452 abstracts and identified 491 manuscripts relevant to 5 areas of focus: 1) antibody kinetics, 2) correlates of protection, 3) immunopathogenesis, 4) antigenic diversity and cross-reactivity, and 5) population seroprevalence. While further studies of SARS-CoV-2 are necessary to determine immune responses, evidence from other coronaviruses can provide clues and guide future research.

Abstract

Antibody mediated immunity to SARS-CoV-2 will affect future transmission and disease severity. This systematic review on antibody response to coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and endemic coronaviruses provides insights into kinetics, correlates of protection, and association with disease severity.

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The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus : classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2

Alexander E. Gorbalenya, Susan C. Baker, Ralph Baric … (2020)

The present outbreak of a coronavirus-associated acute respiratory disease called coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is the third documented spillover of an animal coronavirus to humans in only two decades that has resulted in a major epidemic. The Coronaviridae Study Group (CSG) of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, which is responsible for developing the classification of viruses and taxon nomenclature of the family Coronaviridae, has assessed the placement of the human pathogen, tentatively named 2019-nCoV, within the Coronaviridae. Based on phylogeny, taxonomy and established practice, the CSG recognizes this virus as forming a sister clade to the prototype human and bat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoVs) of the species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, and designates it as SARS-CoV-2. In order to facilitate communication, the CSG proposes to use the following naming convention for individual isolates: SARS-CoV-2/host/location/isolate/date. While the full spectrum of clinical manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 infections in humans remains to be determined, the independent zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 highlights the need for studying viruses at the species level to complement research focused on individual pathogenic viruses of immediate significance. This will improve our understanding of virus–host interactions in an ever-changing environment and enhance our preparedness for future outbreaks.

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Molecular and serological investigation of 2019-nCoV infected patients: implication of multiple shedding routes

Wei Zhang, Rong-Hui Du, Bei Li … (2020)

ABSTRACT In December 2019, a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) caused an outbreak in Wuhan, China, and soon spread to other parts of the world. It was believed that 2019-nCoV was transmitted through respiratory tract and then induced pneumonia, thus molecular diagnosis based on oral swabs was used for confirmation of this disease. Likewise, patient will be released upon two times of negative detection from oral swabs. However, many coronaviruses can also be transmitted through oral–fecal route by infecting intestines. Whether 2019-nCoV infected patients also carry virus in other organs like intestine need to be tested. We conducted investigation on patients in a local hospital who were infected with this virus. We found the presence of 2019-nCoV in anal swabs and blood as well, and more anal swab positives than oral swab positives in a later stage of infection, suggesting shedding and thereby transmitted through oral–fecal route. We also showed serology test can improve detection positive rate thus should be used in future epidemiology. Our report provides a cautionary warning that 2019-nCoV may be shed through multiple routes.

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COVID-19: immunopathology and its implications for therapy

Xuetao Cao (2020)

Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterized by pneumonia, lymphopenia, exhausted lymphocytes and a cytokine storm. Significant antibody production is observed; however, whether this is protective or pathogenic remains to be determined. Defining the immunopathological changes in patients with COVID-19 provides potential targets for drug discovery and is important for clinical management.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Derek A. T. Cummings:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9437-1907

datc@ufl.edu

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nat Commun

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nat Commun

Title: Nature Communications

Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 2041-1723

Publication date (Electronic): 17 September 2020

Publication date PMC-release: 17 September 2020

Publication date Collection: 2020

Volume: 11

Electronic Location Identifier: 4704

Affiliations

[1 ]GRID grid.15276.37, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8091, Department of Biology, , University of Florida, ; Gainesville, FL USA

[2 ]GRID grid.15276.37, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8091, Emerging Pathogens Institute, , University of Florida, ; Gainesville, FL USA

[3 ]GRID grid.413910.e, ISNI 0000 0004 0419 1772, Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, ; Bangkok, Thailand

[4 ]GRID grid.280128.1, ISNI 0000 0001 2233 9230, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, ; Bethesda, MD USA

[5 ]GRID grid.15276.37, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8091, Department of Comparative, Diagnostic & Population Medicine, , University of Florida, ; Gainesville, FL USA

[6 ]GRID grid.266102.1, ISNI 0000 0001 2297 6811, Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, , University of California, ; San Francisco, CA USA

[7 ]GRID grid.21107.35, ISNI 0000 0001 2171 9311, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, ; Baltimore, MD USA

[8 ]GRID grid.5335.0, ISNI 0000000121885934, Department of Genetics, , University of Cambridge, ; Cambridge, UK

[9 ]GRID grid.428999.7, ISNI 0000 0001 2353 6535, Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, ; Paris, France

[10 ]GRID grid.21925.3d, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9000, Department of Epidemiology, , University of Pittsburgh, ; Pittsburgh, PA USA

Author information

Angkana T. Huang http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9857-3506

Bingyi Yang http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0811-8332

Leah C. Katzelnick http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1033-6758

Brooke A. Borgert http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1429-7365

Justin Lessler http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9741-8109

Donald S. Burke http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5704-8094

Amy Wesolowski http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6320-3575

Derek A. T. Cummings http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9437-1907

Article

Publisher ID: 18450

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18450-4

PMC ID: 7499300

PubMed ID: 32943637

SO-VID: 421c7aa0-f231-41c3-9c5b-89af25fa94a1

License:

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

Date received : 6 May 2020

Date accepted : 18 August 2020

Funding

Funded by: John A Watson Faculty Scholar fellowship

Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/100000002, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH);

Award ID: DP2LM013102

Award Recipient : Amy Wesolowski

Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/100000861, Burroughs Wellcome Fund (BWF);

Award ID: Career Award at the Scientific Interface

Award Recipient : Amy Wesolowski

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

Keywords: antibodies,sars-cov-2,viral host response,viral infection

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

Keywords: antibodies, sars-cov-2, viral host response, viral infection

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A systematic review of antibody mediated immunity to coronaviruses: kinetics, correlates of protection, and association with severity

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Novel Coronavirus Disease COVID-19

Most cited references 96

The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus : classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2

Molecular and serological investigation of 2019-nCoV infected patients: implication of multiple shedding routes

COVID-19: immunopathology and its implications for therapy

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