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      Factores de riesgo biomecánico lumbar por manejo manual de cargas en el reparto de productos cárnicos Translated title: Lumbar biomechanical risk factors due to manual handling of loads in the distribution of meat products

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción: Identificar los factores de riesgo de trastornos musculoesqueléticos (TME) lumbares asociados al manejo manual (MMC) de productos cárnicos en las actividades de carga y descarga de camiones. Método: Estudio observacional descriptivo transversal con enfoque mixto, basado en el análisis ergonómico de la actividad de trabajo. Participaron los 4 trabajadores de los puestos de cargador y cargador-conductor. Se realizaron análisis cinemáticos y dinamométricos para determinar las fuerzas de compresión y cizallamiento y el riesgo biomecánico musculoesquelético en la zona lumbar. Se realizaron entrevistas y observaciones para analizar tareas y determinar los tiempos involucrados en cada operación, tipo de exposición y los determinantes de la actividad de trabajo. Resultados: El contexto de trabajo es sumamente variable durante la carga y descarga del camión, considerando la variabilidad en cada punto de entrega las características de los estacionamientos, las condiciones climáticas, la presencia de animales y otros obstáculos durante el transporte manual de la carga. El MMC produce fuerzas sobre los 4000 N de compresión discal en los niveles L4-L5 y L5-S1, las fuerzas iniciales de empuje y arrastre fueron de 51.2 kg*f y 27.3 kg*f respectivamente, lo que evidencia el riesgo de TME. La actividad de trabajo está determinada por el tipo de jornada, la organización del reparto y la falta de medios mecánicos de apoyo para la carga y descarga de los camiones. Conclusiones: Las tareas de MMC en esta industria son físicamente muy exigentes y mejorar estas condiciones de trabajo representa un desafío importante para la prevención.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction: Identify risk factors for lumbar musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) associated with manual handling (MHL) of meat products in truck loading and unloading activities. Method: Cross-sectional descriptive observational study with a mixed approach, based on ergonomic analysis of work activity. The 4 workers from the loader and loader-driver positions participated. Kinematic and dynamometric analyzes were performed to determine compression and shear forces and musculoskeletal risk in the lumbar area. Interviews and observations were conducted to analyze tasks and determine the times involved in each operation, type of exposure and the determinants of work activity. Results: The work context is highly variable during the loading and unloading of the truck, considering the variability at each delivery point the characteristics of the parking lots, weather conditions, the presence of animals and other obstacles during manual transport of the load. The MHL produces forces over 4000 N of disc compression at levels L4-L5 and L5-S1, the initial push and pull forces were 51.2 kg*f and 27.3 kg*f respectively, which shows the risk of MSD. The work activity is determined by the type of working day, the organization of the distribution and the lack of mechanical means to support the loading and unloading of trucks. Conclusions: The manual handling tasks in this industry are physically very demanding and improving these working conditions represents a significant challenge for prevention.

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          Most cited references33

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          Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

          Background Non-fatal outcomes of disease and injury increasingly detract from the ability of the world's population to live in full health, a trend largely attributable to an epidemiological transition in many countries from causes affecting children, to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) more common in adults. For the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we estimated the incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for diseases and injuries at the global, regional, and national scale over the period of 1990 to 2015. Methods We estimated incidence and prevalence by age, sex, cause, year, and geography with a wide range of updated and standardised analytical procedures. Improvements from GBD 2013 included the addition of new data sources, updates to literature reviews for 85 causes, and the identification and inclusion of additional studies published up to November, 2015, to expand the database used for estimation of non-fatal outcomes to 60 900 unique data sources. Prevalence and incidence by cause and sequelae were determined with DisMod-MR 2.1, an improved version of the DisMod-MR Bayesian meta-regression tool first developed for GBD 2010 and GBD 2013. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies where the complexity of the disease was not suited to DisMod-MR 2.1 or where incidence and prevalence needed to be determined from other data. For GBD 2015 we created a summary indicator that combines measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility (the Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) and used it to compare observed patterns of health loss to the expected pattern for countries or locations with similar SDI scores. Findings We generated 9·3 billion estimates from the various combinations of prevalence, incidence, and YLDs for causes, sequelae, and impairments by age, sex, geography, and year. In 2015, two causes had acute incidences in excess of 1 billion: upper respiratory infections (17·2 billion, 95% uncertainty interval [UI] 15·4–19·2 billion) and diarrhoeal diseases (2·39 billion, 2·30–2·50 billion). Eight causes of chronic disease and injury each affected more than 10% of the world's population in 2015: permanent caries, tension-type headache, iron-deficiency anaemia, age-related and other hearing loss, migraine, genital herpes, refraction and accommodation disorders, and ascariasis. The impairment that affected the greatest number of people in 2015 was anaemia, with 2·36 billion (2·35–2·37 billion) individuals affected. The second and third leading impairments by number of individuals affected were hearing loss and vision loss, respectively. Between 2005 and 2015, there was little change in the leading causes of years lived with disability (YLDs) on a global basis. NCDs accounted for 18 of the leading 20 causes of age-standardised YLDs on a global scale. Where rates were decreasing, the rate of decrease for YLDs was slower than that of years of life lost (YLLs) for nearly every cause included in our analysis. For low SDI geographies, Group 1 causes typically accounted for 20–30% of total disability, largely attributable to nutritional deficiencies, malaria, neglected tropical diseases, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis. Lower back and neck pain was the leading global cause of disability in 2015 in most countries. The leading cause was sense organ disorders in 22 countries in Asia and Africa and one in central Latin America; diabetes in four countries in Oceania; HIV/AIDS in three southern sub-Saharan African countries; collective violence and legal intervention in two north African and Middle Eastern countries; iron-deficiency anaemia in Somalia and Venezuela; depression in Uganda; onchoceriasis in Liberia; and other neglected tropical diseases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Interpretation Ageing of the world's population is increasing the number of people living with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Shifts in the epidemiological profile driven by socioeconomic change also contribute to the continued increase in years lived with disability (YLDs) as well as the rate of increase in YLDs. Despite limitations imposed by gaps in data availability and the variable quality of the data available, the standardised and comprehensive approach of the GBD study provides opportunities to examine broad trends, compare those trends between countries or subnational geographies, benchmark against locations at similar stages of development, and gauge the strength or weakness of the estimates available. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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            Revised NIOSH equation for the design and evaluation of manual lifting tasks.

            In 1985, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) convened an ad hoc committee of experts who reviewed the current literature on lifting, recommend criteria for defining lifting capacity, and in 1991 developed a revised lifting equation. Subsequently, NIOSH developed the documentation for the equation and played a prominent role in recommending methods for interpreting the results of the equation. The 1991 equation reflects new findings and provides methods for evaluating asymmetrical lifting tasks, lifts of objects with less than optimal hand-container couplings, and also provides guidelines for a larger range of work durations and lifting frequencies than the 1981 equation. This paper provides the basis for selecting the three criteria (biomechanical, physiological, and psychophysical) that were used to define the 1991 equation, and describes the derivation of the individual components (Putz-Anderson and Waters 1991). The paper also describes the lifting index (LI), an index of relative physical stress, that can be used to identify hazardous lifting tasks. Although the 1991 equation has not been fully validated, the recommended weight limits derived from the revised equation are consistent with or lower than those generally reported in the literature. NIOSH believes that the revised 1991 lifting equation is more likely than the 1981 equation to protect most workers.
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              The design of manual handling tasks: revised tables of maximum acceptable weights and forces.

              Four new manual handling experiments are reviewed. The experiment used male and female subjects to study lifting, lowering, pushing, pulling, and carrying tasks. Each experiment used a psychophysical methodology with measurements of oxygen consumption, heart rate, and anthropometric characteristics. Independent variables included task frequency, distance, height and duration; object size and handles; extended horizontal reach; and combination tasks. The results of the four experiments were integrated with the results of seven similar experiments published previously by this laboratory. The integrated data were used to revise maximum acceptable weights and forces originally published in 1978. The revised tables are presented and compared with the original tables.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                aprl
                Archivos de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales
                Arch Prev Riesgos Labor
                Societat Catalana de Salut Laboral y Asociación de Medicina del Trabajo de la Comunidad Valenciana (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                1578-2549
                December 2021
                : 24
                : 4
                : 342-354
                Affiliations
                [1] Copiapó Atacama orgnameUniversidad de Atacama orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud orgdiv2Departamento de Kinesiología Chile
                Article
                S1578-25492021000400342 S1578-2549(21)02400400342
                10.12961/aprl.2021.24.04.02
                42221def-a293-4013-8e0a-eec0468f49c7

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 02 August 2021
                : 20 November 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 33, Pages: 13
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Originales

                Enfermedades musculoesqueléticas,Industria Cárnica,Manejo Manual de Cargas,Riesgo Biomecánico,Evaluaciones Ergonómicas,Meat Industry,Manual Handling of Loads,Biomechanical Risk,Musculoskeletal Diseases,Ergonomic Assessment

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