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      Detection of Guanine and Adenine Using an Aminated Reduced Graphene Oxide Functional Membrane-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

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          Abstract

          A new electrochemical sensor based on a Nafion, aminated reduced graphene oxide and chitosan functional membrane-modified glassy carbon electrode was proposed for the simultaneous detection of adenine and guanine. Fourier transform-infrared spectrometry (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electrochemical methods were utilized for the additional characterization of the membrane materials. The prepared electrode was utilized for the detection of guanine (G) and adenine (A). The anodic peak currents to G and A were linear in the concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 120 μM and 0.2 to 110 μM, respectively. The detection limits were found to be 0.1 μM and 0.2 μM, respectively. Moreover, the modified electrode could also be used to determine G and A in calf thymus DNA.

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          Graphene: Status and Prospects

          A. K. Geim (2010)
          Graphene is a wonder material with many superlatives to its name. It is the thinnest material in the universe and the strongest ever measured. Its charge carriers exhibit giant intrinsic mobility, have the smallest effective mass (it is zero) and can travel micrometer-long distances without scattering at room temperature. Graphene can sustain current densities 6 orders higher than copper, shows record thermal conductivity and stiffness, is impermeable to gases and reconciles such conflicting qualities as brittleness and ductility. Electron transport in graphene is described by a Dirac-like equation, which allows the investigation of relativistic quantum phenomena in a bench-top experiment. What are other surprises that graphene keeps in store for us? This review analyses recent trends in graphene research and applications, and attempts to identify future directions in which the field is likely to develop.
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            Electrochemical oxidation behavior of guanine and adenine on graphene–Nafion composite film modified glassy carbon electrode and the simultaneous determination

            Peng Ju, Linan Lu, Yunlei Zhou … (2010)
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              Fast simultaneous determination of 14 nucleosides and nucleobases in cultured Cordyceps using ultra-performance liquid chromatography.

              J. Guan, S. P. Li, F Q Yang (2007)
              Determination of nucleosides and their metabolic compounds is important for physiological and pharmacological studies. Herein, a rapid ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 14 nucleosides and nucleobases, namely adenine, adenosine, cytosine, cytidine, uracil, uridine, guanine, guanosine, hypoxanthin, inosine, thymine, thymidine, 2'-deoxyuridine and cordycepin. The separation was performed on Waters Acquity UPLC system with Acquity UPLC BEH C(18) column and gradient elution of 0.5mM acetic acid and acetonitrile in 5min. The correlation coefficients of 14 analytes were high (R(2)>0.9995) within the test ranges. The LOD and LOQ were lower to 11.9 and 47.0ng/ml with 1mul of injection volume, respectively. The overall R.S.D. for intra- and inter-day of 14 analytes were less than 1.8%. The developed method was applied for the analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases in cultured Cordyceps, which also could be used for the fast determination of the analytes in pharmaceutical products and biological fluids.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sensors (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sensors (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): sensors
                Title: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1424-8220
                Publication date (Electronic): 18 July 2017
                Publication date Collection: July 2017
                Volume: 17
                Issue: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1652
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Life Sciences, Henan University, JinMing Road, Kaifeng 475000, China; lidi0722@ 123456hotmail.com (D.L.); xiaoluy1989@ 123456sohu.com (X.-L.Y.); arixxl@ 123456163.com (B.-L.X.); gengfangyong@ 123456hotmail.com (F.-Y.G.)
                [2 ]Institute of Biotechnology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
                [3 ]Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53726, USA; nsheibanikar@ 123456wisc.edu
                [4 ]Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Enquelab Avenue, Tehran 13145-1384, Iran
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: hongjun@ 123456henu.edu.cn (J.H.); moosavi@ 123456ut.ac.ir (A.A.M.-M.); Tel.: +86-371-2388-7799 (J.H.); +98-21-640-3957 (A.A.M.-M.)
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                Publisher ID: sensors-17-01652
                DOI: 10.3390/s17071652
                PMC ID: 5539557
                PubMed ID: 28718793
                SO-VID: 4249a7e7-d6aa-4dcf-8d03-f771df2b3711
                Copyright © © 2017 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 08 June 2017
                Date accepted : 13 July 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: aminated reduced graphene oxide,adenine,guanine,electrochemical detection,glassy carbon electrode
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: aminated reduced graphene oxide, adenine, guanine, electrochemical detection, glassy carbon electrode

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