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      Association of glycemic variability and the presence and severity of coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes

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          Abstract

          Background

          Glucose variability is one of components of the dysglycemia in diabetes and may play an important role in development of diabetic vascular complications. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between glycemic variability determined by a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system and the presence and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

          Methods

          In 344 T2DM patients with chest pain, coronary angiography revealed CAD (coronary stenosis ≥ 50% luminal diameter narrowing) in 252 patients and 92 patients without CAD. Gensini score was used to assess the severity of CAD. All participants' CGM parameters and biochemical characteristics were measured at baseline.

          Results

          Diabetic patients with CAD were older, and more were male and cigarette smokers compared with the controls. Levels of the mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE) (3.7 ± 1.4 mmol/L vs. 3.2 ± 1.2 mmol/L, p < 0.001), postprandial glucose excursion (PPGE) (3.9 ± 1.6 mmol/L vs. 3.6 ± 1.4 mmol/L, p = 0.036), serum high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (10.7 ± 12.4 mg/L vs. 5.8 ± 6.7 mg/L, p < 0.001) and creatinine (Cr) (87 ± 23 mmol/L vs. 77 ± 14 mmol/L, p < 0.001) were significantly higher in patients with CAD than in patients without CAD. Gensini score closely correlated with age, MAGE, PPGE, hemoglobin A 1c (HbA 1c), hs-CRP and total cholesterol (TC). Multivariate analysis indicated that age (p < 0.001), MAGE (p < 0.001), serum levels of HbA 1c (p = 0.022) and hs-CRP (p = 0.005) were independent determinants for Gensini score. Logistic regression analysis revealed that MAGE ≥ 3.4 mmol/L was an independent predictor for CAD. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve for MAGE (0.618, p = 0.001) was superior to that for HbA 1c (0.554, p = 0.129).

          Conclusions

          The intraday glycemic variability is associated with the presence and severity of CAD in patients with T2DM. Effects of glycemic excursions on vascular complications should not be neglected in diabetes.

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          Most cited references24

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          Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus.

          (2004)
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            Association of hemoglobin A1c with cardiovascular disease and mortality in adults: the European prospective investigation into cancer in Norfolk.

            Increasing evidence suggests a continuous relationship between blood glucose concentrations and cardiovascular risk, even below diagnostic threshold levels for diabetes. To examine the relationship between hemoglobin A1c, cardiovascular disease, and total mortality. Prospective population study. Norfolk, United Kingdom. 4662 men and 5570 women who were 45 to 79 years of age and were residents of Norfolk. Hemoglobin A1c and cardiovascular disease risk factors were assessed from 1995 to 1997, and cardiovascular disease events and mortality were assessed during the follow-up period to 2003. In men and women, the relationship between hemoglobin A1c and cardiovascular disease (806 events) and between hemoglobin A1c and all-cause mortality (521 deaths) was continuous and significant throughout the whole distribution. The relationship was apparent in persons without known diabetes. Persons with hemoglobin A1c concentrations less than 5% had the lowest rates of cardiovascular disease and mortality. An increase in hemoglobin A1c of 1 percentage point was associated with a relative risk for death from any cause of 1.24 (95% CI, 1.14 to 1.34; P < 0.001) in men and with a relative risk of 1.28 (CI, 1.06 to 1.32; P < 0.001) in women. These relative risks were independent of age, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol concentration, cigarette smoking, and history of cardiovascular disease. When persons with known diabetes, hemoglobin A(1c) concentrations of 7% or greater, or a history of cardiovascular disease were excluded, the result was similar (adjusted relative risk, 1.26 [CI, 1.04 to 1.52]; P = 0.02). Fifteen percent (68 of 521) of the deaths in the sample occurred in persons with diabetes (4% of the sample), but 72% (375 of 521) occurred in persons with HbA1c concentrations between 5% and 6.9%. Whether HbA1c concentrations and cardiovascular disease are causally related cannot be concluded from an observational study; intervention studies are needed to determine whether decreasing HbA1c concentrations would reduce cardiovascular disease. The risk for cardiovascular disease and total mortality associated with hemoglobin A1c concentrations increased continuously through the sample distribution. Most of the events in the sample occurred in persons with moderately elevated HbA1c concentrations. These findings support the need for randomized trials of interventions to reduce hemoglobin A1c concentrations in persons without diabetes.
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              Primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in people with diabetes mellitus: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association.

              The American Heart Association (AHA) and the American Diabetes Association (ADA) have each published guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention: The ADA has issued separate recommendations for each of the cardiovascular risk factors in patients with diabetes, and the AHA has shaped primary and secondary guidelines that extend to patients with diabetes. This statement will attempt to harmonize the recommendations of both organizations where possible but will recognize areas in which AHA and ADA recommendations differ.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Cardiovasc Diabetol
                Cardiovascular Diabetology
                BioMed Central
                1475-2840
                2011
                25 February 2011
                : 10
                : 19
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
                [2 ]Beijing Emergency Center of Heart, Lung & Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
                Article
                1475-2840-10-19
                10.1186/1475-2840-10-19
                3056765
                21349201
                4256bb33-37b7-4c98-bf7d-10ce93d87bae
                Copyright ©2011 Su et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 25 December 2010
                : 25 February 2011
                Categories
                Original Investigation

                Endocrinology & Diabetes
                Endocrinology & Diabetes

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