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      Impact of artificial light intensity on nocturnal insect diversity in urban and rural areas of the Asir province, Saudi Arabia

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          Abstract

          Continuous urban developments have resulted in increased demand for street furniture, one of which is street light columns. Artificial light at night (ALAN) pose significant impacts on insect diversity in urban and rural areas. The ALAN is a significant driver of decline in insect diversity. This study evaluated the impact of light intensity and sky quality at night on insect diversity in rural and urban areas of the Asir province, Saudi Arabia. Insect traps were installed in both areas during night. Light intensity of nearby road lamps was measured using light meter, while sky quality was measured using sky quality meter. Rural areas exhibited low light intensity (10.33 flux/f.candle) and good sky quality (18.80 magnitude/arcsec 2). Urban areas exhibited intense light (89.33 flux/f.candle) and poor sky quality (15.49 magnitude/arcsec 2). Higher insect diversity was recorded for rural areas where insects belonging to seven orders (i.e., Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, and Dermaptera) were collected. However, insects of four orders (i.e., Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and Neuroptera) were found in urban areas indicating low diversity. Lepidopteran insects were frequently recorded from rural areas indicating they are attracted to artificial light. It is concluded that excessive ALAN and poor sky quality at night disrupt insect biodiversity. Therefore, ALAN and sky quality must be considered responsible for decline in insect biodiversity along with other known factors.

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          Most cited references37

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          More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas

          Global declines in insects have sparked wide interest among scientists, politicians, and the general public. Loss of insect diversity and abundance is expected to provoke cascading effects on food webs and to jeopardize ecosystem services. Our understanding of the extent and underlying causes of this decline is based on the abundance of single species or taxonomic groups only, rather than changes in insect biomass which is more relevant for ecological functioning. Here, we used a standardized protocol to measure total insect biomass using Malaise traps, deployed over 27 years in 63 nature protection areas in Germany (96 unique location-year combinations) to infer on the status and trend of local entomofauna. Our analysis estimates a seasonal decline of 76%, and mid-summer decline of 82% in flying insect biomass over the 27 years of study. We show that this decline is apparent regardless of habitat type, while changes in weather, land use, and habitat characteristics cannot explain this overall decline. This yet unrecognized loss of insect biomass must be taken into account in evaluating declines in abundance of species depending on insects as a food source, and ecosystem functioning in the European landscape.
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            Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: A review of its drivers

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              The Dark Side of Light: A Transdisciplinary Research Agenda for Light Pollution Policy

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: Supervision
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: Methodology
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                1 December 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : 12
                : e0242315
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
                [2 ] Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
                [3 ] Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
                [4 ] Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
                [5 ] Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, King Khalid University, Dhahran Al-Janoub, Saudi Arabia
                Harran University, TURKEY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4734-6338
                Article
                PONE-D-20-30451
                10.1371/journal.pone.0242315
                7707546
                33259480
                427f59b8-b835-4da7-96ce-c3909543d283
                © 2020 Hakami et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 27 September 2020
                : 30 October 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 1, Pages: 10
                Product
                Funding
                Funded by: Research Center for Advanced Materials Science, King Khalid University
                Award ID: RCAMS/KKU/001/20
                This study was supported by the Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha Saudi Arabia (RCAMS/KKU/04/20).
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Entomology
                Insects
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Insects
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Insects
                Physical Sciences
                Physics
                Electromagnetic Radiation
                Light
                Artificial Light
                Earth Sciences
                Geography
                Human Geography
                Urban Geography
                Urban Areas
                Social Sciences
                Human Geography
                Urban Geography
                Urban Areas
                Earth Sciences
                Geography
                Geographic Areas
                Urban Areas
                Earth Sciences
                Geography
                Geographic Areas
                Rural Areas
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Entomology
                Insects
                Moths and Butterflies
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Insects
                Moths and Butterflies
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Insects
                Moths and Butterflies
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Ecology
                Biodiversity
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Ecology
                Biodiversity
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Entomology
                Insects
                Diptera
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Insects
                Diptera
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Insects
                Diptera
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Entomology
                Insects
                Hemiptera
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Insects
                Hemiptera
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Arthropoda
                Insects
                Hemiptera
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the manuscript.

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                Uncategorized

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