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      Evolutionary dynamics and biogeography of Musaceae reveal a correlation between the diversification of the banana family and the geological and climatic history of Southeast Asia

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          Summary

          • Tropical Southeast Asia, which harbors most of the Musaceae biodiversity, is one of the most species‐rich regions in the world. Its high degree of endemism is shaped by the region's tectonic and climatic history, with large differences between northern Indo‐Burma and the Malayan Archipelago. Here, we aim to find a link between the diversification and biogeography of Musaceae and geological history of the Southeast Asian subcontinent.

          • The Musaceae family (including five Ensete, 45 Musa and one Musella species) was dated using a large phylogenetic framework encompassing 163 species from all Zingiberales families. Evolutionary patterns within Musaceae were inferred using ancestral area reconstruction and diversification rate analyses.

          • All three Musaceae genera – Ensete, Musa and Musella – originated in northern Indo‐Burma during the early Eocene. Musa species dispersed from ‘northwest to southeast’ into Southeast Asia with only few back‐dispersals towards northern Indo‐Burma.

          • Musaceae colonization events of the Malayan Archipelago subcontinent are clearly linked to the geological and climatic history of the region. Musa species were only able to colonize the region east of Wallace's line after the availability of emergent land from the late Miocene onwards.

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          The age and diversification of the angiosperms re-revisited.

          • It has been 8 years since the last comprehensive analysis of divergence times across the angiosperms. Given recent methodological improvements in estimating divergence times, refined understanding of relationships among major angiosperm lineages, and the immense interest in using large angiosperm phylogenies to investigate questions in ecology and comparative biology, new estimates of the ages of the major clades are badly needed. Improved estimations of divergence times will concomitantly improve our understanding of both the evolutionary history of the angiosperms and the patterns and processes that have led to this highly diverse clade. • We simultaneously estimated the age of the angiosperms and the divergence times of key angiosperm lineages, using 36 calibration points for 567 taxa and a "relaxed clock" methodology that does not assume any correlation between rates, thus allowing for lineage-specific rate heterogeneity. • Based on the analysis for which we set fossils to fit lognormal priors, we obtained an estimated age of the angiosperms of 167-199 Ma and the following age estimates for major angiosperm clades: Mesangiospermae (139-156 Ma); Gunneridae (109-139 Ma); Rosidae (108-121 Ma); Asteridae (101-119 Ma). • With the exception of the age of the angiosperms themselves, these age estimates are generally younger than other recent molecular estimates and very close to dates inferred from the fossil record. We also provide dates for all major angiosperm clades (including 45 orders and 335 families [208 stem group age only, 127 both stem and crown group ages], sensu APG III). Our analyses provide a new comprehensive source of reference dates for major angiosperm clades that we hope will be of broad utility.
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            A likelihood framework for inferring the evolution of geographic range on phylogenetic trees.

            At a time when historical biogeography appears to be again expanding its scope after a period of focusing primarily on discerning area relationships using cladograms, new inference methods are needed to bring more kinds of data to bear on questions about the geographic history of lineages. Here we describe a likelihood framework for inferring the evolution of geographic range on phylogenies that models lineage dispersal and local extinction in a set of discrete areas as stochastic events in continuous time. Unlike existing methods for estimating ancestral areas, such as dispersal-vicariance analysis, this approach incorporates information on the timing of both lineage divergences and the availability of connections between areas (dispersal routes). Monte Carlo methods are used to estimate branch-specific transition probabilities for geographic ranges, enabling the likelihood of the data (observed species distributions) to be evaluated for a given phylogeny and parameterized paleogeographic model. We demonstrate how the method can be used to address two biogeographic questions: What were the ancestral geographic ranges on a phylogenetic tree? How were those ancestral ranges affected by speciation and inherited by the daughter lineages at cladogenesis events? For illustration we use hypothetical examples and an analysis of a Northern Hemisphere plant clade (Cercis), comparing and contrasting inferences to those obtained from dispersal-vicariance analysis. Although the particular model we implement is somewhat simplistic, the framework itself is flexible and could readily be modified to incorporate additional sources of information and also be extended to address other aspects of historical biogeography.
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              Angiosperm diversification through time.

              The extraordinary diversity of angiosperms is the ultimate outcome of the interplay of speciation and extinction, which determine the net diversification of different lineages. We document the temporal trends of angiosperm diversification rates during their early history. Absolute diversification rates were estimated for order-level clades using ages derived from relaxed molecular clock analyses that included or excluded a maximal constraint to angiosperm age. Diversification rates for angiosperms as a whole ranged from 0.0781 to 0.0909 net speciation events per million years, with dates from the constrained analysis. Diversification through time plots show an inverse relationship between clade age and rate, where the younger clades tend to have the highest rates. Angiosperm diversity is found to have mixed origins: slightly less than half of the living species belong to lineages with low to moderate diversification rates, which appeared between 130 and 102 Mya (Barremian-uppermost Albian; Lower Cretaceous). Slightly over half of the living species belong to lineages with moderate to high diversification rates, which appeared between 102 and 77 Mya (Cenomanian-mid Campanian; Upper Cretaceous). Terminal lineages leading to living angiosperm species, however, may have originated soon or long after the phylogenetic differentiation of the clade to which they belong.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                New Phytol
                New Phytol
                10.1111/(ISSN)1469-8137
                NPH
                The New Phytologist
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                0028-646X
                1469-8137
                01 February 2016
                June 2016
                : 210
                : 4 ( doiID: 10.1111/nph.2016.210.issue-4 )
                : 1453-1465
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]Botanic Garden Meise Nieuwelaan 38 Meise BE‐1860Belgium
                [ 2 ]Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement Willem de Croylaan 42 Leuven BE‐3001Belgium
                [ 3 ] Plant Conservation and Population BiologyKU Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 31 PO Box 2435 Leuven BE‐3001Belgium
                [ 4 ] Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeiden University PO Box 9517 Leiden 2300RAthe Netherlands
                [ 5 ]Bioversity International Willem De Croylaan 42 Leuven BE‐3001Belgium
                [ 6 ]International Institute of Tropical Agriculture PO Box 10, Duluti ArushaTanzania
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Author for correspondence:

                Steven B. Janssens

                Tel: +32 2 260 09 60

                Email: steven.janssens@ 123456botanicgardenmeise.be

                Article
                NPH13856 2015-20619
                10.1111/nph.13856
                5066818
                26832306
                428daaa2-ea7d-4054-b686-e694c9f0a9ee
                © 2016 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2016 New Phytologist Trust

                This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 03 October 2015
                : 07 December 2015
                Page count
                Pages: 13
                Funding
                Funded by: Research Fund‐Flanders (FWO)
                Categories
                Full Paper
                Research
                Full Papers
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                nph13856
                June 2016
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:4.9.5 mode:remove_FC converted:17.10.2016

                Plant science & Botany
                ancestral area analysis,dispersal,diversification,ensete,historical biogeography,musa,musella,southeast asia

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