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      Contribución de cabotegravir + rilpivirina de acción prolongada al tratamiento de la infección por VIH-1 Translated title: Contribution of cabotegravir + rilpivirine long-acting for the treatment of HIV-1 infection

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          Abstract

          Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la contribución de valor de cabotegravir + rilpivirina, el primer tratamiento antirretroviral inyectable de acción prolongada, utilizando metodología de análisis de decisión multicriterio. Método: El estudio se desarrolló en dos fases: una prueba piloto y una fase de extensión, con un grupo multidisciplinar más grande. Se seleccionaron siete regímenes de comprimido único orales diarios recomendados en las guías GeSIDA como comparadores. Se utilizó el marco EVIDEM, compuesto por 12 criterios cuantitativos y 5 contextuales. Los criterios cuantitativos se analizaron calculando la media y desviación estándar, y los cualitativos se analizaron mediante el porcentaje de expertos que consideraron el impacto positivo, neutro o negativo para el Sistema Nacional de Salud. Resultados: Un total de 35 expertos participaron en el estudio. La infección por virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana 1 se consideró grave (media ± desviación estándar: 3,0 ± 1,0), con un tamaño de población afectada (2,7 ± 1,2) y unas necesidades no cubiertas (2,8 ± 1,0) moderadas. Las diferencias fueron mínimas en los criterios comparativos de eficacia/efectividad (0,1 ± 0,5), seguridad/tolerabilidad (–0,5 ± 0,7) y coste: coste del tratamiento (0,5 ± 2,0), otros costes médicos (0,2 ± 1,8) y costes no-médicos/indirectos (0,5 ± 1,6). Los expertos observaron una mejora con cabotegravir + rilpivirina de acción prolongada en los resultados reportados por los pacientes (2,7 ± 1,4). El beneficio terapéutico (3,5 ± 1,2) se consideró moderado-alto. La evidencia de cabotegravir + rilpivirina de acción prolongada fue considerada robusta (4,3 ± 0,8), con elevado consenso sobre su futura recomendación en las guías (3,2 ± 1,0). En los criterios contextuales, el impacto fue positivo en los criterios de prioridades de acceso (91%), objetivo común (63%) y contexto político (60%). El impacto fue neutro en la capacidad del sistema (40%) y los costes de oportunidad (51%). El resultado promedio de la contribución del valor global de cabotegravir + rilpivirina de acción prolongada fue de 0,34 (escala de –1 a +1), siendo el criterio de resultados reportados por el paciente el que proporcionó la mayor contribución de valor (0,04). Conclusiones: Cabotegravir + rilpivirina de acción prolongada aporta un valor añadido en el manejo del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana 1 en España en comparación con los regímenes de comprimido único utilizados actualmente. Los expertos valoraron positivamente los resultados reportados por los pacientes y el beneficio terapéutico de cabotegravir + rilpivirina de acción prolongada, considerando que el beneficio esperado en la adherencia y los problemas relacionados con el estigma produciría una mejora en la calidad de vida de las personas con virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana 1.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Objective: To determine the value contribution of cabotegravir + rilpivirine, the first injectable every two months long-acting antiretroviral regimen, using multi-criteria decision analysis. Method: The study was developed in two phases. After a small pilot, a field work study with a larger number of multidisciplinary experts was carried out. Seven single-tablet regimens, currently recommended by the GeSIDA guidelines, were selected as comparators. EVIDEM methodology was followed, with a framework composed by 12 quantitative and 5 contextual criteria. Mean and standard deviations were calculated for quantitative criteria (1 to 5 scale; comparative criteria –5 to +5), whereas qualitative criteria were analyzed as percentages of experts that considered a positive, neutral or negative impact for the National Health System. Results: 35 experts participated in the study. Human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection was considered severe (mean ± standard deviation: 3.0 ± 1.0), with moderate size of affected population (2.7 ± 1.2) and unmet needs (2.8 ± 1.0). Minimal differences were found in comparative efficacy/effectiveness (0.1 ± 0.5), safety/tolerability (–0.5 ± 0.7), and cost criteria: cost of the intervention (0.5 ± 2.0), other medical costs (0.2 ± 1.8) and non-medical/indirect costs (0.5 ± 1.6). Experts perceived an improvement with cabotegravir + rilpivirine long-acting, compared to current daily oral single-tablet regimens, in patient-reported outcomes (2.7 ± 1.4). Therapeutic benefit of the long-acting regimen was considered moderate-to-high (3.5 ± 1.2). Experts considered the evidence provided by cabotegravir + rilpivirine long-actingrobust (4.3 ± 0.8), with elevated consensus on its future recommendation in guidelines (3.2 ± 1.0). In contextual criteria, most experts considered positive the impact on population priorities and access (91%), common goal and specific interests (63%) and political, historical, and cultural context criteria (60%). Impact was neutral in system capacity and appropriate use (40%), and opportunity costs and affordability criteria (51%). Result of the weighted global value contribution of cabotegravir + rilpivirine long-acting was 0.34 (–1 to +1 scale), with Patient Reported Outcomes comparative criterion bringing the highest added value. Conclusions: Cabotegravir + rilpivirine long-acting provides added value contribution to human immunodeficiency virus-1 management in Spain compared to daily oral single-tablet regimens. Patient Reported Outcomes and therapeutic benefit of cabotegravir + rilpivirine long-acting were highly valued by experts, as the expected benefit in adherence and stigma-related issues would improve overall quality of life for people living with human immunodeficiency virus-1.

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          Most cited references28

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          Survival of HIV-positive patients starting antiretroviral therapy between 1996 and 2013: a collaborative analysis of cohort studies

          Summary Background Health care for people living with HIV has improved substantially in the past two decades. Robust estimates of how these improvements have affected prognosis and life expectancy are of utmost importance to patients, clinicians, and health-care planners. We examined changes in 3 year survival and life expectancy of patients starting combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) between 1996 and 2013. Methods We analysed data from 18 European and North American HIV-1 cohorts. Patients (aged ≥16 years) were eligible for this analysis if they had started ART with three or more drugs between 1996 and 2010 and had at least 3 years of potential follow-up. We estimated adjusted (for age, sex, AIDS, risk group, CD4 cell count, and HIV-1 RNA at start of ART) all-cause and cause-specific mortality hazard ratios (HRs) for the first year after ART initiation and the second and third years after ART initiation in four calendar periods (1996–99, 2000–03 [comparator], 2004–07, 2008–10). We estimated life expectancy by calendar period of initiation of ART. Findings 88 504 patients were included in our analyses, of whom 2106 died during the first year of ART and 2302 died during the second or third year of ART. Patients starting ART in 2008–10 had lower all-cause mortality in the first year after ART initiation than did patients starting ART in 2000–03 (adjusted HR 0·71, 95% CI 0·61–0·83). All-cause mortality in the second and third years after initiation of ART was also lower in patients who started ART in 2008–10 than in those who started in 2000–03 (0·57, 0·49–0·67); this decrease was not fully explained by viral load and CD4 cell count at 1 year. Rates of non-AIDS deaths were lower in patients who started ART in 2008–10 (vs 2000–03) in the first year (0·48, 0·34–0·67) and second and third years (0·29, 0·21–0·40) after initiation of ART. Between 1996 and 2010, life expectancy in 20-year-old patients starting ART increased by about 9 years in women and 10 years in men. Interpretation Even in the late ART era, survival during the first 3 years of ART continues to improve, which probably reflects transition to less toxic antiretroviral drugs, improved adherence, prophylactic measures, and management of comorbidity. Prognostic models and life expectancy estimates should be updated to account for these improvements. Funding UK Medical Research Council, UK Department for International Development, EU EDCTP2 programme.
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            Cross-sectional comparison of the prevalence of age-associated comorbidities and their risk factors between HIV-infected and uninfected individuals: the AGEhIV cohort study.

            Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals may be at increased risk of age-associated noncommunicable comorbidities (AANCCs). Cross-sectional analyses of AANCC prevalence (including cardiovascular, metabolic, pulmonary, renal, bone, and malignant disease) and risk factors in a prospective cohort study of HIV type 1-infected individuals and HIV-uninfected controls, who were aged ≥45 years and comparable regarding most lifestyle and demographic factors. HIV-infected participants (n = 540) had a significantly higher mean number of AANCCs than controls (n = 524) (1.3 [SD, 1.14] vs 1.0 [SD, 0.95]; P < .001), with significantly more HIV-infected participants having ≥1 AANCC (69.4% vs 61.8%; P = .009). Hypertension, myocardial infarction, peripheral arterial disease, and impaired renal function were significantly more prevalent among HIV-infected participants. Risk of AANCC by ordinal logistic regression was independently associated with age, smoking, positive family history for cardiovascular/metabolic disease, and higher waist-to-hip ratio, but also with HIV infection (odds ratio, 1.58 [95% confidence interval, 1.23-2.03]; P < .001). In those with HIV, longer exposure to CD4 counts <200 cells/µL, and, to a lesser extent, higher levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and soluble CD14, and longer prior use of high-dose ritonavir (≥400 mg/24 hours) were each also associated with a higher risk of AANCCs. All AANCCs were numerically more prevalent, with peripheral arterial, cardiovascular disease, and impaired renal function significantly so, among HIV-infected participants compared with HIV-uninfected controls. Besides recognized cardiovascular risk factors, HIV infection and longer time spent with severe immunodeficiency increased the risk of a higher composite AANCC burden. There was a less pronounced contribution from residual inflammation, immune activation, and prior high-dose ritonavir use. © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.
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              Long-Acting Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine for Maintenance of HIV-1 Suppression

              Simplified regimens for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection may increase patient satisfaction and facilitate adherence.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                fh
                Farmacia Hospitalaria
                Farm Hosp.
                Grupo Aula Médica (Toledo, Toledo, Spain )
                1130-6343
                2171-8695
                August 2022
                : 46
                : 4
                : 208-214
                Affiliations
                [1] Sevilla orgnameHospital Virgen Macarena orgdiv1Servicio de Farmacia España
                [5] Barcelona orgnameOmakase Consulting S.L. España
                [4] Tres Cantos Madrid orgnameViiV Healthcare España orgdiv1Medical Affairs Manager España
                [2] Madrid orgnameHospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos orgdiv1Servicio de Farmacia España
                [3] Tres Cantos Madrid orgnameGSK orgdiv1Departamento de Acceso al Mercado España
                Article
                S1130-63432022000400002 S1130-6343(22)04600400002
                10.7399/fh.11845
                42b893ef-f08a-4739-aca8-35cd5f4864ae

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 27 September 2021
                : 16 February 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 29, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Originales

                Técnicas de apoyo a la toma de decisiones,VIH,Agentes anti-VIH,VIH-1/efectos del tratamiento,Cabotegravir,Rilpivirina,HIV,Anti-HIV Agents,HIV-1/drug effects,Rilpivirine,Decision Support Techniques

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