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      Grafting in revision rhinoplasty Translated title: Gli innesti nella rinoplastica di revisione

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          SUMMARY

          Rhinoplasty is one of the most difficult aesthetic surgery procedures with a high rate of revision. In revision rhinoplasty the surgeon should explore the patient's concerns and then verify the possibility to satisfy expectations after complete internal and external examination of the nose. For the vast majority of complex secondaries, an open approach is the only reasonable method. In fact, in secondary nasal surgery, because of the scarring process following the primary operation, dissection is tedious, and landmarks are lost. One of the main objectives for the surgeon who approaches secondary rhinoplasty is to restore the structural support of the nose and to replace the lost volume of soft tissues. To achieve this purpose, the surgeon must often rely on grafts. An ideal grafting material must be easy to sculpt, resistant to trauma, infection and extrusion, mechanically stable, inert and readily available. For all these reasons, autogenous cartilage grafts harvested from septum, auricular concha and rib represent the first choice in rhinoplasty. In order to obtain a camouflage graft that provides natural contouring to the nose, temporalis fascia can be used. All these carefully trimmed grafts are useful in tip revision surgery, in secondary surgery of the dorsum and to resolve or reduce functional problems.

          RIASSUNTO

          La rinoplastica è una delle procedure più complesse della chirurgia estetica e pertanto risulta gravata da un alto tasso di revisioni. Nella rinoplastica di revisione il chirurgo deve indagare le preoccupazioni del paziente e quindi verificare la possibilità di soddisfarne le aspettative con un'accurata valutazione pre-operatoria estetica e funzionale del naso. Nella maggioranza dei casi di rinoplastiche secondarie, l'approccio aperto risulta l'unico ragionevole. Infatti i processi di cicatrizzazione successivi al primo intervento rendono la dissezione difficoltosa e non consentono una facile identificazione dei reperi anatomici. Uno degli obiettivi principali del chirurgo che approccia la rinoplastica secondaria è il ripristino del supporto strutturale del naso per restituire il volume perso dai tessuti molli. Per raggiungere tale scopo spesso il chirurgo deve affidarsi a innesti. L'innesto ideale deve essere facile da scolpire, resistente a traumi, infezioni ed estrusioni, meccanicamente stabile, inerte e facilmente prelevabile. Per questi motivi, gli innesti di cartilagine autologa prelevati dal setto, dalla conca auricolare e dalla costa, rappresentano la prima scelta in rinoplastica. Inoltre la fascia temporale risulta utile per ottenere un effetto di "camouflage" degli innesti conferendo un aspetto più naturale al naso. Tutti questi innesti, adeguatamente preparati e rifiniti sulla base delle specifiche esigenze, trovano largo impiego nella chirurgia di revisione della punta e del dorso e nel risolvere o ridurre eventuali problemi funzionali.

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          Most cited references30

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          Spreader graft: a method of reconstructing the roof of the middle nasal vault following rhinoplasty.

          Submucosal placement of strips of cartilage along the anterior border of the septum--the spreader graft--has proved to be an effective method for reconstructing the roof of the middle vault. It is recommended in all primary rhinoplasty patients in whom resection of the roof of the upper cartilaginous vault is a necessary part of the surgical plan.
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            The use of cartilage grafts in primary aesthetic rhinoplasty.

            Our experience with the use of cartilage grafts in 430 primary rhinoplasties is presented. We find grafts indicated when operating on small noses with thick skin to increase and define the dorsum, to add projection and angularity to the tip, to project the columella, and to correct the acute nasolabial angle. The procedure is technically simple and relatively free of complications. Long-term evaluations show no absorption of the grafts and preservation of the desired shape.
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              The versatile cartilage autograft in reconstruction of the nose and face.

              This paper deals with the long-term follow-up of cartilage autografts taken from various parts of the body to reconstruct areas of the nose, ear, trachea, eyelid, and other areas of the body which require augmentation, effacement, and long-term support. Our thesis will be that the cartilage autograft is the implant of choice in many of these areas, and that fate of autogenous cartilage is well known and should be given strong priority in facial grafting.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital
                Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital
                Pacini
                Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica
                Pacini Editore SpA
                0392-100X
                1827-675X
                June 2013
                : 33
                : 3
                : 183-189
                Affiliations
                Department of Otorhinolaryngology, San Raffaele Hospital and Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Francesca Palonta, Otorhinolaryngology Unit, San Raffaele Hospital and Vita-Salute University, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy. Tel. +39 02 26433522. Fax +39 02 26433508. E-mail: palonta.francesca@ 123456hsr.it
                Article
                Pacini
                3709529
                23853414
                42b9c1a8-b043-47ee-9254-30375bbe7849
                © Copyright by Società Italiana di Otorinolaringologia e Chirurgia Cervico-Facciale

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License, which permits for noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any digital medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not altered in any way. For details, please refer to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/

                History
                : 15 December 2012
                : 07 January 2013
                Categories
                Modern Rhinoplasty

                Otolaryngology
                revision rhinoplasty,open technique,autogenous cartilage grafts,tip plasty,dorsum revision

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